Deck 11: Social Psychology

Question 1

Early in his medical career, Freud investigated the anesthetic properties of:

A)cocaine.
B)nitrous oxide.
C)ether.
D)morphine.

Answer 1

cocaine.

Question 2

_____ had a strong influence on Freud's early career,introducing him to the use of hypnosis in treating patients with psychological problems.

A)Alfred Adler
B)Joseph Breuer
C)Hermann Rorschach
D)Carl Jung

Answer 2

Joseph Breuer

Question 3

The emphasis on unconscious mental processes is to _____ as the emphasis on learning and conscious cognitive processes isto _____.

A)the trait perspective; the humanistic perspective
B)the psychoanalytic perspective; the social cognitive perspective
C)p ethe hurspectiveman Inistic percorrecspt ective; the psychoanalytic
D)the social cognitive perspective; the trait perspective

Answer 3

the psychoanalytic perspective; the social cognitive perspective

Question 4

This figure shows a comparison between the personality profiles of airline pilots and writers. Which of the following personality tests was used for this comparison?

A)the CPI
B)the 16 PF
C)the MMPI
D)the MBTI

Question 5

Who is shown in this photograph?

A)British psychologist Hans Eysenck, who developed the idea that personality consists of three basic traits
B)American psychologist Carl Rogers, who developed the idea of "unconditional positive regard"
C)Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, who developed the idea of the "collective unconscious"
D)American psychologist Albert Bandura, who developed the social-cognitive perspective of personality and the idea of "reciprocal determinism"

Question 6

Carter believes that people are basically good and that each person will naturally strive to fulfill his or her unique potential. Carter's beliefs reflect the _____ perspective of personality.

A)trait
B)social cognitive
C)psychoanalytic
D)humanistic

Question 7

Christina believes that learning experiences play a critical rolein the development of personality, especially in the development of a person's goals and beliefs about one's abilities. Christina's beliefs reflect the _____ perspective of personality.

A)psychoanalytic
B)trait
C)social cognitive
D)humanistic

Question 8

Who is this person and for what is he famous?

A)Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, who developed the idea of the "collective unconscious"
B)Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach, who created the famous inkblot test of personality
C)German psychologist Alfred Adler, who proposed the idea of the inferiority complex
D)American psychologist Carl Rogers, who developed the idea of the actualizing tendency

Question 9

This picture shows a psychologist administering a personality test to a young person who is asked to create a story about the ambiguous scene depicted on the card he is holding. This testis called the:

A)Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) test.
B)Rorschach Inkblot test.
C)Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
D)California Personality Inventory (CPI).

Question 10

Who wrote The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Civilization and Its Discontents, and The Interpretation of Dreams?

A)Carl Jung
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Joseph Breuer
D)Karen Horney

Question 11

Dr. Livingston maintains that unconscious mental processes and early childhood experiences are critical in the formation of personality. Dr. Livingston's beliefs reflect the _____perspective of personality.

A)trait
B)social cognitive
C)psychoanalytic
D)humanistic

Question 12

Identify the personality theorist who said, "To be a human being means to have inferiority feelings. In the mentally healthy person, this inferiority feeling acts as a motive for productivity, as a motive for attempting to overcome obstacles, to maintain oneself in life."

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d

Question 13

This psychologist is _____ and he best known for developing the _____.

A)Raymond Cattell; Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)
B)Hans Eysenck; the extraversion-introversion, neuroticism- emotional stability dimensions of personality
C)Hermann Rorschach; the Rorschach Inkblot Test
D)Henry Murray; the Thematic Apperception Test

Question 14

Identify the psychoanalyst who emigrated to the United States from Germany and found that American patients were much more worried about their jobs and economic problems than their sex lives.

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d

Question 15

The drawing depicts Sigmund Freud's famous iceberg analogy for the structure of personality. Which letter labels the personality structure that doesn't develop until about age 5 or6, and represents a person's conscience?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)The personality structure representing conscience is not depicted.

Question 16

The publication of the book entitled _____ in 1895 is regardedas the formal beginning of psychoanalysis.

A)The Interpretation of Dreams
B)Civilization and Its Discontents
C)Studies in Hysteria
D)The Psychopathology of Everyday Life

Question 17

In psychology, the term personality refers to:

A)a person's skill in making others feel good about himself or herself.
B)the socially desirable characteristics that a person typically
C)disp the wlays.ay Inpceooprrecle pert ceive a particular person.
D)an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

Question 18

Personality theories:

A)attempt to explain how and why people are similar and different.
B)focus on explaining the development of a specific personality
C)ch arfocacutes onristic, su personchal as shity typynees ratss.hInecro trrechant on personality traits and characteristics.
D)are impossible to test scientifically.

Question 19

This picture show characters from the film The Wizard of Oz-the Cowardly Lion (seeking courage), Dorothy (the motherless child), the Tin Woodsman (seeking love), and the Scarecrow (seeking wisdom). According to _____, these types of images, often found in popular myths, novels, and films,represent universal human instincts, themes, and preoccupations, called _____.

A)Albert Bandura; possible selves
B)Carl Rogers; the actualizing tendency
C)Carl Jung; archetypes
D)Alfred Adler; the inferiority complex

Question 20

The drawing depicts Sigmund Freud's famous iceberg analogy for the structure of personality. Which letter labels the personality dimension that Freud called the ego?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)The ego is not depicted.

Question 21

Anna is sitting in Sigmund Freud's office and tells him that she remembers a dream in which she boarded a train that entered a dark tunnel. After some discussion, Freud suggests to Anna that the train probably symbolized a man's penis and the action of entering the dark tunnel probably symbolized sexual intercourse. In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the symbolic, or hidden, meaning of the dream images is called the_____ content.

A)preconscious
B)manifest
C)latent
D)displaced

Question 22

Eric was once seriously injured in a hang-gliding accident, yethe continues to engage in this dangerous activity. Freud would probably explain Eric's dangerous hobby as a reflection of:

A)Thanatos.
B)Eros.
C)the reality principle.
D)the superego.

Question 23

Your sense of conscience corresponds to which component of personality in Freud's theory?

A)Thanatos
B)id
C)ego
D)superego

Question 24

Which of the following statements reflects Freud's view of the superego?

A)It is the moralistic and self-evaluative component of personality.
B)It is "a cauldron of seething excitement" that wants immediate gratification of instinctual drives and urges.
C)It is the component of personality that operates on the reality principle.
D)It is the source of the life instinct and death instinct.

Question 25

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the disguised, symbolic meaning of dreams is called the:

A)manifest content.
B)projected content.
C)latent content.
D)cathartic content.

Question 26

Even though Mary was not thinking about the events surrounding the day when she graduated from high school,she can easily bring memories about that day to conscious awareness. In terms of Freud's theory of personality, Mary's memories are stored at the _____ level of awareness.

A)preconscious
B)unconscious
C)conscious
D)latent

Question 27

According to Freud, _____ "is the royal road to a knowledg eof the unconscious activities of the mind."

A)remembering childhood events
B)information revealed through hypnosis
C)the manifest content of dreams
D)the interpretation of dreams

Question 28

According to Freud, the basic goals of the id are to:

A)punish the self by inflicting feelings of guilt and inferiority.
B)delay gratification until a socially acceptable time.
C)seek pleasure and immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives, especially sexual ones.
D)channel sexual and aggressive urges in socially acceptable ways.

Question 29

Before reading this question, you were not thinking about the name of the first president of the United States. In terms of Freud's theory of personality, the name was stored at the_____ level of awareness. However, once the name is brought to mind, it is at the _____ level of awareness.

A)unconscious; conscious
B)unconscious; preconscious
C)preconscious; conscious
D)latent; preconscious

Question 30

Freud's famous technique of free association involved patients:

A)spontaneously reporting mental images, thoughts, and feelings as they came to mind.
B)looking at inkblots and interpreting what they saw.
C)making up a story about an ambiguous picture.
D)instantly responding to each of fifty words that Freud read to them.

Question 31

Which definition reflects Freud's view of the ego?

A)the moralistic component of personality that evaluates the acceptability of behavior and thoughts
B)the irrational component of personality that seeks immediate gratification
C)the inherited mental images of universal human themes and preoccupations
D)the rational, organized component of personality that is sensitive to the demands of the external world

Question 32

In Freud's theory, which component of personality is presentat birth and is completely unconscious?

A)the superego
B)the ego
C)the archetype
D)the id

Question 33

When 7-year-old Philip was caught pocketing a candy bar tha the had not paid for, he felt ashamed and guilty. Using Freud's terminology, the sense of shame and guilt that Philip felt was a product of his:

A)id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)libido.

Question 34

Which definition reflects Freud's view of the id?

A)the irrational component of personality that seeks immediate gratification
B)the rational, organized component of personality that is sensitive to the demands of the external world
C)the moralistic component of personality that evaluates the acceptability of behavior and thoughts
D)the inherited mental images of universal human themes and preoccupations

Question 35

Irrational and chaotic is to the _____ as rational and reality-oriented is to the _____.

A)id; ego
B)id; superego
C)ego; superego
D)superego; id

Question 36

The term Freudian slip refers to:

A)an undergarment that was worn by fashionable upper-class women in Vienna in the early 1900s.
B)thinking and behaving in a way that is the extreme opposite of unacceptable urges or impulses.
C)a freely expressed pent-up emotion that emerges spontaneously during psychotherapy.
D)an unintentional mistake, accident, or misstatement that Freud interpreted as revealing unconscious wishes or motives.

Question 37

Freud used the term _____ to refer specifically to sexual energy or motivation.

A)Thanatos
B)libido
C)Eros
D)sublimination

Question 38

The prologue to Chapter 11 described the story of the twins,Julian and Kenneth. Using Freud's terminology, which component of personality was dominating Julian's behavior when he tried to rob the drug store?

A)the ego
B)the id
C)the superego
D)Eros

Question 39

At day care, 3-year-old Sara has learned that she has to waither turn to ride on the tricycle rather than push another child off the tricycle. Using Freud's terminology, Sara's ability to postpone gratification in a socially acceptable way is areflection of her:

A)id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)Thanatos instinct.

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT one of the three levels of awareness in Freud's theory?

A)the preconscious
B)the collective unconscious
C)the conscious
D)the unconscious

Question 41

Troy and Carrie are a couple. Troy is unable to consciously admit he has strong feelings of sexual attraction to other women. However, he suspects and accuses Carrie of being sexually attracted to other men, even though Carrie has neverdone anything to arouse such suspicions. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Troy's behavior?

A)displacement
B)projection
C)sublimation
D)undoing

Question 42

Reaction formation is an ego defense mechanism that involves:

A)attributing one's own unacceptable urges to others.
B)channeling sexual urges into productive, nonsexual activities.
C)behaving in a way that is the extreme opposite of unacceptable urges or impulses.
D)atoning for an unacceptable thought or action with a second action or thought.

Question 43

After Jack's loan application for the new car was rejected, hetold a friend that he was glad he had not gotten the loan because his old car was still very reliable and he really didn'twant to make monthly car payments. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Jack's behavior?

A)repression
B)undoing
C)rationalization
D)reaction formation

Question 44

Although he stayed calm during the conversation, Mark was angry as he left Professor McArthur's office because he felt he had been treated unfairly. A short while later, Mark snappedat a fellow student who asked if she could borrow his notes.Which ego defense mechanism best accounts for Mark's behavior toward the other student?

A)displacement
B)sublimation
C)denial
D)rationalization

Question 45

Which of the following represents the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

A)oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
B)oral, anal, genital, latency, phallic
C)anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital
D)oral, genital, anal, latency, phallic

Question 46

After Lauren broke up with him, Evan told his friends how happy he was that Lauren was out of his life. Nevertheless,Evan keeps thinking of things that he left at Lauren's apartment and calls her or stops by her apartment several times a week. Each time he sees her, he is insulting and unpleasant and tells Lauren that he hopes he never sees her again. Evan's behavior is best explained by which of the following ego defense mechanisms?

A)reaction formation
B)identification
C)displacement
D)undoing

Question 47

Carolina was reprimanded by her boss for not wearing appropriate attire to work. She was angry at her boss because he scolded her in front of the entire office. Instead of releasing her anger on her boss, Carolina went home and kicked herdog as soon as it approached her. Which ego defense mechanism best accounts for Carolina's behavior toward her dog?

A)displacement
B)sublimation
C)denial
D)rationalization

Question 48

While talking to another coworker, Doug makes many hateful comments about Brian behind his back. Later that morning when he sees Brian, Doug acts very friendly to Brian and offers to buy him lunch. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Doug's behavior?

A)sublimation
B)undoing
C)repression
D)projection

Question 49

Ego defense mechanisms:

A)increase anxiety.
B)operate consciously.
C)distort thoughts or perceptions of reality
D)provide a safe outlet for the libido.

Question 50

Because the beginnings of his own sexual attraction to some ofthe girls in his seventh-grade class were so anxiety-provoking to Jeff, he often found himself teasing the girls to whom he was most attracted. Jeff's behavior is best explained by which ofthe following ego defense mechanisms?

A)rationalization
B)displacement
C)reaction formation
D)undoing

Question 51

Unconscious repentance is to the ego defense mechanism of_____ as going to the opposite extreme is to the ego defense mechanism of _____.

A)displacement; sublimation
B)rationalization; repression
C)undoing; reaction formation
D)denial; projection

Question 52

Although they have been broken up for months, Hector still bought Shivangi flowers and chocolates for Valentine's day.Which ego defense mechanism best explains Hector's behavior?

A)displacement
B)undoing
C)rationalization
D)denial

Question 53

As a child, Dan loved to prance around the neighborhood wearing silly outfits. As he got older, he realized that he couldn't continue that kind of behavior unless he found someway for it to be viewed as more socially acceptable. Upon realizing this, Dan decides to pursue a career as a circusclown. According to Freud, Dan's _____, which operates onthe _____ principle, is responsible for finding a socially acceptable outlet for his desire to run around wearing silly outfits.

A)id; pleasure
B)ego; reality
C)superego; morality
D)defense mechanism; denial

Question 54

Freud believed that a special form of displacement, called_____, is largely responsible for the productive and creative contributions of people and even whole societies.

A)regression
B)projection
C)sublimation
D)reaction formation

Question 55

Which of the following statements about ego defense mechanisms is FALSE?

A)According to Freud, using ego defense mechanisms requires psychological energy.
B)Psychologically healthy people often use ego defense mechanisms to temporarily deal with stressful events.
C)Ego defense mechanisms can be a way of psychologically buying time while seeking a realistic solution to a problem.
D)Using ego defense mechanisms increases feelings of anxiety.

Question 56

According to Freud, _____ is reflected in behaviors that enhance our chances of survival, and _____ is reflected inaggressive, reckless, and dangerous behaviors that are life threatening.

A)rationalization; repression
B)Eros; Thanatos
C)the id; the ego
D)Thanatos; Eros

Question 57

A religious leader in a small city led a crusade against the localX-rated movie the aters, topless dance bars, and strip clubs,often leading groups of angry citizens to storm the buildings and threaten to shut them down. After a great deal of publicity, however, the newspaper published photos of the same man frequenting strip clubs and patronizing prostitutesin a neighboring state. Sigmund Freud would explain this man's behavior as an example of:

A)displacement.
B)regression.
C)reaction formation.
D)sublimation.

Question 58

Although Karen's divorce was finalized several months ago,she still refers to Jonathan as her "husband" rather than her"ex-husband" when talking with friends. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Karen's behavior?

A)displacement
B)undoing
C)rationalization
D)denial

Question 59

When Carol was 8 years old, her mother died. As an adult,Carol has no memories of attending her mother's funeral.Which ego defense mechanism in Freud's theory would best account for the fact that Carol has no memories of this upsetting event?

A)undoing
B)projection
C)displacement
D)repression

Question 60

_____ is a form of _____ in which sexual urges are channeled into productive, socially acceptable, nonsexual activities.

A)Sublimation; displacement
B)Undoing; repression
C)Reaction formation; rationalization
D)Repression; projection

Question 61

According to Freud, the sexual urges of children during the latency stage of psychosexual development:

A)are directed toward playmates of the opposite sex.
B)intensify and cause great anxiety.
C)become repressed, and the child prefers to play with same- sex friends.
D)produce catharsis.

Question 62

The collective unconscious is to _____ as basic anxiety is to_____.

A)Jung; Adler
B)Jung; Horney
C)Freud; Adler
D)Adler; Horney

Question 63

Because her baby seemed to enjoy putting so many things in his mouth, Jessica provided the infant with many different kinds of pacifiers and chewable toys. According to Freud'stheory, Jessica is running the risk of producing _____ at the_____ psychosexual stage of development.

A)reaction formation; oral
B)the Oedipus complex; genital
C)fixation; oral
D)fixation; anal

Question 64

It was _____ who said, "The whole spiritual heritage of mankind's evolution is born anew in the brain structure of every individual."

A)Alfred Adler
B)Carl Jung
C)Karen Horney
D)Hans Eysenck

Question 65

The collective unconscious is to _____ as the inferiority complex is to _____.

A)Carl Jung; Karen Horney
B)Carl Jung; Alfred Adler
C)Alfred Adler; Sigmund Freud
D)Karen Horney; Carl Jung

Question 66

The neo-Freudians agreed with Freud's notion that:

A)sexual urges are the primary motivator of behavior.
B)early childhood experiences are the sole determinant of personality.
C)basic human nature is aggressive and destructive.
D)unconscious mental processes influence behavior.

Question 67

Eight-year-old Alex plays almost exclusively with the other boys at his grade school. Alex's behavior suggests that he is in the _____ stage of psychosexual development.

A)phallic
B)genital
C)latency
D)oral

Question 68

Which neo-Freudian did Sigmund Freud choose as his successor to lead the international psychoanalytic movement,calling him his "adopted son" and "crown prince"?

A)Hermann Rorschach
B)Alfred Adler
C)Hans Eysenck
D)Carl Jung

Question 69

Jung was the first to describe the basic characteristics of which of the following personality types?

A)the introvert versus the extravert
B)the perceiving-judging type versus the sensing-intuitive type
C)the neurotic type versus the psychotic type
D)the sensing-intuitive type versus the thinking-feeling type

Question 70

Who were the neo-Freudians?

A)a group of personality theorists who rejected almost all of the basic principles of Freudian psychoanalytic theory and went on to develop their own personality theories
B)a group of psychoanalysts who accompanied Freud on his lecture tour of the United States and who stayed in the New World in order to promote Freudian theory and practice
C)a group of personality theorists who recognized the importance of many of the basic principles of Freudian psychoanalytic theory but went on to develop their own personality theories
D)a group of psychoanalysts who rejected Freud's theory of personality development but nevertheless used his therapeutic techniques for treating their patients

Question 71

Gordon's 5-year-old son has recently become very possessive of his mother, pushing Gordon away whenever he tries to hug his wife. Freud would probably suggest that the little boy's behaviors reflect:

A)fixation at the oral stage of psychosexual development.
B)the latency stage of psychosexual development.
C)the Oedipus complex.
D)his attainment of the genital stage of psychosexual development.

Question 72

According to Freud, the successful resolution of the phallicstage of psychosexual development involves the child's use ofthe defense mechanism of:

A)identification.
B)fixation.
C)reaction formation.
D)undoing.

Question 73

According to Carl Jung, the collective unconscious:

A)is analogous to Freud's concept of the preconscious.
B)gives rise to two personality types, the introvert and the extravert.
C)is the part of the unconscious mind that reflects human evolutionary history and is common to all people.
D)is the source of sexual and aggressive instinctual drives.

Question 74

Which of the following statements best describes Jung's notion of archetypes?

A)Each person is motivated to overcome the weaknesses in his or her particular archetype.
B)Each person inherits mental images that reflect universal human themes.
C)Each person develops a strong sense of competence in a particular skill or area of knowledge, which becomes that person's archetype.
D)A person's personality or archetype is shaped by his or her upbringing.

Question 75

In contrast to Freud, psychoanalyst Karen Horney emphasized the importance of _____ in personality development.

A)sexual conflicts during the adolescent years
B)human relationships
C)striving for superiority
D)unconditional love and acceptance

Question 76

Jung believed that feminine and masculine qualities are represented in which of the following pairs of arche types?

A)introvert and extravert
B)the wise old man and the innocent child
C)anima and animus
D)the hero and the witch

Question 77

In Freud's theory, if a parent overindulges or frustrates the child's expression of pleasurable feelings at a particular psychosexual stage of development:

A)the ego may not develop.
B)the child may experience fixation and continue to seek pleasure through behaviors associated with the particular psychosexual stage.
C)the parent will experience the psychological influence of the superego, which will promote strong feelings of guilt and inferiority.
D)the child will experience reaction formation and behave in a way that is directly opposite to the frustrated desires.

Question 78

Freud believed that the Oedipus complex produces _____ in little boys and _____ in little girls.

A)penis envy; womb envy
B)castration anxiety; womb envy
C)womb envy; penis envy
D)castration anxiety; penis envy

Question 79

In Freud's view, the final attainment of a psychologically healthy personality and sense of sexuality occurs when the individual:

A)achieves the goal of the Oedipus complex.
B)achieves fixation.
C)directs sexual urges toward socially acceptable substitutes for the opposite-sex parent.
D)represses all sexual urges.

Question 80

According to Freud's theory, the Oedipus complex:

A)occurs during the oral stage of psychosexual development.
B)is the child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent.
C)first appears during the adolescent years, when sexual urges begin to surface.
D)is resolved through the defense mechanism of reaction formation.