Deck 8: Middle Childhood: Psychosocial Development

Question 1

Barbara is in the third grade. She spends many hours rehearsing her math skills, reading books, and collecting bugs. According to Erikson, Barbara is developing a healthy sense of _____ through these tasks.

A) industry
B) self-control
C) autonomy
D) egocentrism

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The child who weathers severe family problems, even abuse, and yet emerges from those experiences unscathed is said to be:

A) buoyant.
B) resilient.
C) parasympathetic.
D) reliable.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which scenario is typical of the industry versus inferiority stage?

A) Rudy is having difficulty in learning math, but he continues to practice.
B) Vanessa says, "My parents never let me do anything!"
C) Cliff says that his girlfriend, Claire, doesn't understand him.
D) Theo decides to stop taking piano lessons.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

More than people of any other age, children between the ages of 6 and 11 are:

A) more in need of punishment.
B) trying to stand out from their peers.
C) using electronic media with adult supervision.
D) industrious, practicing the skills valued by their culture.

Question 5

What is Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial development?

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) industry versus inferiority
C) trust versus mistrust
D) integrity versus incompetence

Question 6

During the school years, self-esteem typically:

A) increases.
B) decreases.
C) stays the same.
D) fluctuates up and down.

Question 7

Children's ideas about their intelligence, personality, abilities, gender and ethnic background form their:

A) industry.
B) egocentrism.
C) latency.
D) self-concept.

Question 8

When one assesses one's abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against one's peers, one is engaging in:

A) peer evaluation.
B) cultural normalization.
C) social comparison.
D) parental assessment.

Question 9

According to Freud, during the latency stage children:

A) develop sexual feelings toward their opposite-sex peers.
B) seek to establish their identity.
C) work to learn self-control.
D) emotional drives and psychosexual needs are quiet.

Question 10

The quality of resilience is dynamic, which means that it:

A) is always present in the same way.
B) may change over time.
C) can be either a positive or negative adaptation.
D) reflects successful coping with minor adversities.

Question 11

According to Erikson's theory, children in middle childhood tend to judge themselves as either:

A) suppressed or superior.
B) industrious or inferior.
C) competent or awkward.
D) intelligent or stupid.

Question 12

Andrea is a typical 11-year-old whose growing self- consciousness and self-criticism drive her to frequently compare herself with her peers. If Andrea is like most children, such comparisons will:

A) confirm her self-concept.
B) not affect her self-esteem.
C) decrease her self-esteem.
D) increase her self-esteem.

Question 13

Children's "increasing ability to regulate themselves, to take responsibility, and to exercise self-control" contributes to their:

A) conservation.
B) peer values.
C) autonomy.
D) egocentrism.

Question 14

According to Freud, what will 8-year-old Sven experience?

A) no sexual conflict
B) unconscious sexual conflicts
C) increased emotional drives
D) a new interest in girls

Question 15

When U.S. students took the TIMSS, 53 percent of them:

A) scored far below their grade level.
B) were realistic about their math skills.
C) underestimated their math skills.
D) overestimated their math skills.

Question 16

Who described middle childhood as a time of latency?

A) Freud
B) Erikson
C) Piaget
D) Vygotsky

Question 17

According to Erikson, if 9-year-old Anna is successful in solving her psychosocial conflict, she should be developing a(n) ______ view of herself.

A) emotionally mature
B) industrious
C) inept
D) latent

Question 18

Since schoolchildren judge their own talents and limitations more realistically than preschoolers:

A) they should decide which reading and math groups they wish to join.
B) their self-esteem may suffer as they compare themselves with others.
C) following a failure, they are less pessimistic about future failure.
D) they are less likely to concede that they're not good at something.

Question 19

When Japanese students took the TIMSS, 17 percent of them:

A) scored far below their grade level.
B) were realistic about their math skills.
C) underestimated their math skills.
D) overestimated their math skills.

Question 20

Why is it so important that children learn a sense of industry?

A) It allows them to stand up to their parents and gain a sense of autonomy.
B) It assures them a coveted spot in their peer group.
C) It provides structure and discipline in their lives.
D) It provides a crucial defense against emotional problems.

Question 21

Joel, age 8, lives in a very stressful, chaotic home where he sometimes witnesses his mother being physically abused by her boyfriend. Joel's problems may be overcome by:

A) denying they exist.
B) running away from home.
C) being actively involved in his church.
D) hiding in his room when trouble starts.

Question 22

Family function refers to:

A) how a family cares for its members.
B) the legal and genetic relationships of people in a household.
C) how the family's house is constructed.
D) how the various generations interact.

Question 23

A Japanese study compared children who stayed with their mother while their fathers moved for a new job with children who moved with their mother and father for a new job. The research found that:

A) children who moved with their fathers were happiest, but the mothers were depressed.
B) the children and mothers who moved with the fathers were happiest.
C) there were no differences between the children who moved with their fathers and those that did not.
D) children who moved with their fathers were more depressed and their school achievement suffered.

Question 24

Compared with nuclear families, extended families typically:

A) are more chaotic.
B) involve more people.
C) feature less structure.
D) are better for children.

Question 25

Marissa and Jessica, sisters born two years apart, grew up in an impoverished, violent neighborhood. As adults, Marissa is chronically jobless and is addicted to drugs while Jessica is a professor of economics at a community college. Which theory might explain their different life outcomes?

A) differential sensitivity theory
B) shared environmental influences theory
C) cohort theory
D) parental influence theory

Question 26

In a typical military family, income is _____ and _____ is absent.

A) lower; stability
B) higher; stability
C) lower; education
D) higher; education

Question 27

In the study of Hawaiian children born into poverty, what factor aided the development of resilience?

A) feeling indifferent to their family's plight
B) relying on egocentric tendencies
C) having realistic goals and persistence
D) having a mentor who encouraged creativity

Question 28

Family structure refers to:

A) the way in which a family raises its children.
B) the legal and genetic relationships of people in a household.
C) how the family's house is constructed.
D) how the various generations interact.

Question 29

The most common type of family for children in the United States is the:

A) extended family.
B) single-parent family.
C) nuclear family.
D) blended family.

Question 30

Alisha's family is experiencing multiple problems, including her mother's illness, her father's loss of employment, and two relatives moving into their home. Alisha seems to be doing fairly well despite these challenges. Alisha may be:

A) indifferent to her family's problems.
B) relying on egocentric tendencies.
C) using religion as a source of support.
D) hoping to go to college after high school.

Question 31

Developing self-respect, nurturing friendships with peers, and encouraging learning are three of the:

A) family structures.
B) measurements of family harmony.
C) functions of a family.
D) suggestions for stress resilience.

Question 32

Alan is an adopted child who lives with three siblings, all biological children of his adoptive parents. Alan's math skills are far better than those of his adoptive parents or his adoptive siblings. This provides evidence that:

A) shared familial influences play a stronger role than was previously believed.
B) genes may have a stronger effect than familial environment on talents.
C) few environmental effects on personality come from outside the family.
D) Alan's own initiative to excel is greater than that of his adoptive family.

Question 33

In middle childhood, the experience of moving to a new neighborhood or community is:

A) very exciting, as this is a stage marked by a strong desire for new experiences.
B) quite stressful, as this is a stage in which continuity is very important.
C) extremely rare; children ages 5 to 9 years old move far less often than older Americans.
D) only problematic if the move is the result of divorce.

Question 34

Many parents believe that they mold their children's personalities. However, research on twins, siblings, and stepchildren has found that:

A) half of all personality traits may be genetic.
B) half of all personality traits may be environmental.
C) genes and the nonshared environment have the most impact on personality.
D) temperament defines personality.

Question 35

When children act as parents and try to take care of everyone, it is called:

A) resilience.
B) parentification.
C) emerging adulthood.
D) an extended family.

Question 36

Many parents believe that they mold their children's personalities. Which research finding challenges this belief?

A) Scientific data suggest that genes play a far bigger role than was previously believed.
B) The influences on personality seem to be 50 percent familial and 50 percent nonfamilial.
C) More effects on personality come from the nonshared environment than was previously believed.
D) Familial environment plays a very small role in personality compared to the influence of genetics.

Question 37

A significant factor that aids children and families as they deal with problems and stress is:

A) social support.
B) a stress-resilient nature.
C) a naturalized mentor.
D) psychological denial.

Question 38

Since Carter's mother suffers from depression and his father is an alcoholic, Carter is often neglected. Despite his circumstances, he maintains a positive outlook. What may be helping Carter to maintain his positive attitude?

A) the belief that things will eventually get better
B) his circle of friends and their activities
C) looking toward the future and to living on his own
D) understanding his parents' problems

Question 39

Which family function is especially crucial in middle childhood?

A) stability
B) physical necessities
C) peer relationships
D) self-respect

Question 40

In childhood, how children react to a serious stressor depends primarily on:

A) what the stressor is.
B) how many total stressors are present.
C) whether the stress is economic.
D) whether the stressor affects other siblings too.

Question 41

The happiest time in a marriage is:

A) when children are very young.
B) right after the wedding.
C) when there are teenagers.
D) when the children are school age.

Question 42

Which country leads the world in divorce and remarriage?

A) Japan
B) the United States
C) Canada
D) France

Question 43

In the United States, which ethnic group is MOST likely to accept and support single parents?

A) Ukrainian Americans
B) Asian Americans
C) African Americans
D) Chinese Americans

Question 44

Two factors that universally interfere with family function in every nation are:

A) ethnic differences and low income.
B) low income and high conflict.
C) high stress and high income.
D) religious differences and low income.

Question 45

Huong moved often as a child. His parents did not spend much time helping him with homework, and he did not participate in extracurricular activities. The MOST likely reason for this is his:

A) parents' ethnicity.
B) parents' personalities.
C) parents' SES.
D) own behavior.

Question 46

A family that consists of one man, several wives, and the biological children of the man and women is a(n):

A) blended family.
B) adoptive family.
C) extended family.
D) polygamous family.

Question 47

A study that followed married parents and their adolescent children found that _____ on the adolescents' well-being.

A) genetics was the main influence
B) conflict was the main influence
C) both genetics and conflict were equally influential
D) neither genetics nor conflict were influential

Question 48

In the United States the age of people at their first marriage:

A) is rising.
B) is falling.
C) has stayed the same for decades.
D) has risen for men but not women.

Question 49

The family stress model illustrates that:

A) poverty itself is quite harmful to children.
B) a high income can overcome the effects of stress.
C) the parents' reaction to poverty is the crucial factor in family stress.
D) even a middle-class income cannot overcome the effects of stress.

Question 50

About _____ of school-age children live in a two- parent family.

A) one-half
B) one-third
C) two-thirds
D) three-quarters

Question 51

School-age children would most admire:

A) Timmy, whose mother kisses him good-bye at school.
B) Marla, who was punished for not telling the teacher who threw a paper airplane.
C) Cheyenne, who is the third-grade teacher's favorite.
D) Gavin, who spends most of his free time with adults.

Question 52

Malik and Anastasia have been married one year and now have a 15-month-old son. Their chances of a successful marriage are better if they:

A) work separate shifts to co-parent their baby.
B) married relatively young.
C) decided to marry for the baby's sake.
D) knew each other for several years before marrying.

Question 53

Joshua and Jeanette are brother and sister who live with their biological parents. They live in a(n):

A) extended family.
B) blended family.
C) foster family.
D) nuclear family.

Question 54

Compared with single-parent homes, two-parent homes usually have:

A) stronger moral values.
B) higher income.
C) fewer children.
D) better discipline.

Question 55

The percentage of school-age children that live in single-parent households is:

A) 31 percent.
B) 43 percent.
C) 54 percent.
D) 66 percent.

Question 56

Ten-year-old India caught Lyndsey, her best friend, lying to her own mom. India will probably:

A) tell Lyndsey's mother about the lie.
B) keep quiet about it.
C) no longer be friends with Lyndsey.
D) tell her own mother about the lie.

Question 57

While 41 percent of all U.S. births were to single mothers in 2010, the number of children who grow up in a household with a single mother who never marries is:

A) lower, at about 13 percent.
B) higher, at about 62 percent.
C) just under that amount, at 39 percent.
D) unknown.

Question 58

Dimitri has been married before and has two biological children. He has just married Natasha, who has also been married before and has a biological son. Their family is an example of a:

A) polygamous family.
B) nuclear family.
C) stepparent family.
D) traditional family.

Question 59

The particular rules and behaviors that are passed down to younger children from older children are what define:

A) child culture.
B) peer values.
C) the lives of childhooC.
D) the legends of childhood.

Question 60

Who is MOST apt to experience few psychological problems during middle childhood?

A) Richard, who is being raised by his single mom
B) Tony, who is being raised by his single dad
C) Alberto, who is being raised by his biological mother and father.
D) Gareth, who is being raised by a gay male couple

Question 61

Olivia is an extremely shy and anxious 8-year-old girl. Other children seem to dislike her. She appears to be a(n):

A) aggressive-rejected child.
B) controversial child.
C) neglected child.
D) withdrawn-rejected child.

Question 62

Some unpopular children are ____ rather than rejected.

A) neglected
B) aggressive
C) withdrawn
D) arrogant

Question 63

Bullying differs from ordinary aggression because bullying attacks are:

A) only seen in the United States.
B) repeated.
C) harmful.
D) aimed a weaker person.

Question 64

What is a hallmark of close friendships during middle childhood?

A) opposite sex
B) different ethnicity
C) same age
D) different SES

Question 65

According to the text, what method is MOST effective in stopping bullying in schools?

A) focusing on children in higher grades
B) focusing on children in lower grades
C) instituting a zero-tolerance policy
D) using a whole-school strategy

Question 66

The best example of an aggressive-rejected child is:

A) Veru, who is disliked by most children because she is so uncooperative.
B) Tiffany, who is popular but hated by many children.
C) Greg, who is ignored by most children.
D) Maher, who changes friends often.

Question 67

Liza is asked whether a person should steal food if they are starving. Liza says no, the person should ask for help and someone would offer food. Liza's answer is BEST explained by:

A) Kohlberg.
B) Freud.
C) Piaget.
D) Bowlby.

Question 68

The kind of bully who is the most strongly disliked by peers is called a:

A) modeled bully.
B) rejected bully.
C) bully-victim.
D) familial bully.

Question 69

Children with these personality traits become popular around fifth grade.

A) kind, trustworthy, cooperative, assertive
B) athletic, cool, dominant, aggressive
C) cooperative, cool, assertive, kind
D) trustworthy, athletic, dominant, aggressive

Question 70

Which factor is the primary force that drives children's interest in moral issues?

A) maturation of the prefrontal cortex
B) ethnicity
C) antipathy
D) personal experience

Question 71

Over time, the consequences of bullying:

A) may lead to problems primarily for the bullies themselves.
B) may lead to relationships problems for the bullies and their victims.
C) may lead to problems primarily for the victims.
D) typically vanish by the time children enter high school.

Question 72

What factors generally determine whether a child is well liked by his or her peers?

A) age and gender
B) culture and race
C) cohort and SES
D) culture and cohort

Question 73

Male bullies are often:

A) below average in verbal assertiveness.
B) above average in verbal assertiveness.
C) above average in size.
D) smaller than average in size.

Question 74

What period is the prime time for moral development?

A) early childhood
B) late childhood
C) middle childhood
D) early adulthood

Question 75

Repeated, systematic attacks on those who are unable to defend themselves is the definition of:

A) aggression.
B) harm.
C) arrogance.
D) bullying.

Question 76

Most bullies pick on:

A) members of the opposite sex.
B) members of their own sex.
C) people they don't know well.
D) their little brothers and sisters.

Question 77

Girls who bully typically:

A) use threats of force.
B) mock and ridicule their victim.
C) are larger than average in size.
D) have older sisters who are aggressive.

Question 78

Lawrence Kohlberg built on the theories of ______ in his description of the stages of moral development.

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Jean Piaget
C) Erik Erikson
D) Carol Gilligan

Question 79

Research shows that a child is most likely to be a victim of bullying if the child is:

A) withdrawn-rejected.
B) aggressive-rejected.
C) "under the radar."
D) liked by peers.

Question 80

By the time children are the age of 10, which statement is true?

A) Girls are more interested than boys in maintaining long-term friendships.
B) Boys prefer to be popular among peer groups; girls want to have best friends.
C) Both boys and girls want to have best friends.
D) Mutual loyalty is more important to boys than it is to girls.