Deck 4: The First Two Years: Psychosocial Development

Question 1

Which emotion seems to depend on the development of social awareness?

A) fear of strangers
B) anger
C) pride
D) curiosity

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which behavior develops around six weeks of age?

A) anger
B) laughter
C) fear of unexpected sounds
D) the social smile

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which statement is correct?

A) The social smile in response to another person first appears at about 12 weeks old.
B) Very young infants seem incapable of expressing distress and contentment.
C) A five-month-old baby is likely to display fear of strangers and separation anxiety.
D) An 11-month-old girl may show anxiety when her mother goes into another room.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Pierce is a two-year-old boy who loves his "lellow-lee" (yellow blanket) and won't take a nap without it. Pierce's yellow blanket would be considered a(n):

A) sign of separation anxiety.
B) transitional object.
C) imaginary friend.
D) indication of attachment problems.

Question 5

What appears in an infant between 2 and 4 months of age?

A) social smile
B) laughter
C) sadness
D) fear

Question 6

Which characteristics must be present before an infant can experience pride, shame, or guilt?

A) social awareness
B) social skills
C) stranger anxiety
D) embarrassment

Question 7

Four-month-old Tammi and thirteen-month-old Dawn are left with a babysitter. How will they react?

A) Tammi will be more upset than Dawn.
B) Dawn will probably show more distress than Tammi.
C) Both Tammi and Dawn will be experiencing separation anxiety.
D) Neither girl is likely to show distress.

Question 8

Usually, stranger wariness is first noticeable at _____ months.

A) 3
B) 4
C) 9
D) 12

Question 9

An infant's anger is usually triggered by:

A) sadness.
B) fear.
C) frustration.
D) shame.

Question 10

Which statement about the emotions that develop over the first two years of life is true?

A) They remain purely reflexive.
B) They remain cautious and anticipatory.
C) They are expressed in speedy and uncensored reactions.
D) They adapt and change according to cognitive maps.

Question 11

Chang participated in a research study when he was an infant during which the researcher restrained his arms for two minutes. Which emotion did Chang likely experience?

A) sadness
B) fear
C) anger
D) shame

Question 12

At six weeks of age, baby Jessica's newest emotional reaction is MOST likely to be:

A) fear of strangers.
B) a wide-eyed look of surprise.
C) a social smile.
D) a squeal of delight at her favorite toy.

Question 13

When baby Erica met her grandfather's big dog for the first time, she cried and tried to move away from the dog. Erica is most likely:

A) a newborn.
B) 3 months old.
C) 6 months old.
D) 9 months old.

Question 14

Increased levels of cortisol are associated with an infant's:

A) sadness.
B) anger.
C) well-being.
D) secure attachment.

Question 15

The new emotions that appear toward the end of a child's second year are:

A) joy, distress, fear, and anger.
B) pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt.
C) joy, fear, shame, and guilt.
D) pride, shame, joy, and anger.

Question 16

Which emotion is apparent at birth?

A) social smile
B) pain
C) embarrassed crying
D) fear of strangers

Question 17

When a baby acts upset because a caregiver is leaving, the baby is exhibiting:

A) general anxiety.
B) separation anxiety.
C) solitary fear.
D) fear of isolation.

Question 18

Which emotion develops in an infant at the latest age?

A) fear of strangers
B) anger
C) pride
D) curiosity

Question 19

An infant's distress at seeing an unfamiliar person is called:

A) stranger wariness.
B) extrafamilial fear.
C) fear of the unknown.
D) separation anxiety.

Question 20

The emotion of anger usually appears at the age of:

A) 6 weeks.
B) 2 months.
C) 4 months.
D) 6 months.

Question 21

Emotional reactions, especially those connected to self- awareness, are partially dependent upon:

A) self-recognition.
B) self-control.
C) memory.
D) embarrassment.

Question 22

According to the New York Longitudinal Study, by approximately 3 months of age infants exhibit enough behaviors that they can be classified as one of _____ temperamental categories.

A) three
B) four
C) seven
D) nine

Question 23

Adam is playful, but sometimes moody; fussy but generally tolerant; and sometimes quiet, and other times boisterous. His temperament would be categorized as:

A) easy.
B) challenging.
C) difficult.
D) hard to classify.

Question 24

Research has found that a person's temperament is:

A) highly variable from one country to the next.
B) determined almost entirely by parenting.
C) linked to biological patterns that appear in infancy.
D) created during early social interactions.

Question 25

Which specific part of the brain is responsible for emotional self-regulation?

A) the prefrontal cortex
B) the anterior cingulate gyrus
C) the anterior frontal lobes
D) the parietal lobes

Question 26

Regina is easily disturbed, unhappy, and cries a lot. The New York Longitudinal Study researchers would say that Regina's temperament is:

A) difficult.
B) challenging.
C) experiencing asynchrony.
D) typical.

Question 27

If we place a dot of rouge on a 20-month-old girl's nose and stand the child in front of a mirror, she may then touch her own nose. This proves that the child has some:

A) dynamic perception.
B) perceptual constancy.
C) social referencing.
D) self-awareness.

Question 28

Which four-month-old girl's temperament is the MOST likely to change over time?

A) Yolanda, who is exuberant and easy-going
B) Michaela, who is inhibited and fearful
C) Nellie, who is fussy and unpredictable
D) Paulette, who is sometimes positive and sometimes fearful

Question 29

According to the New York Longitudinal Study, at what age can infants' temperaments first be classified?

A) 1 month
B) 3 months
C) 6 months
D) 12 months

Question 30

Which boy is MOST likely to be strongly affected by his mother's responsiveness?

A) Kim, who is anxious and difficult
B) Jerry, who is easygoing
C) Trenton, who is a hard-to-classify child
D) Ko, who is a slow-to-warm-up child

Question 31

Jimmy's dad comes home from grocery shopping, sees Jimmy sitting on the sofa, and says, "Where's that boy of mine?" Jimmy gives his dad a smile that spreads across his entire face, and his dad responds with an exaggerated surprised look. This is an example of:

A) psychosocialization.
B) symbiosis.
C) polarization.
D) synchrony.

Question 32

Tiffany is 8 months old. Her mother and father don't get along well. There is often fighting in the house that frightens Tiffany. What effect might this environment have on her brain development?

A) Her hypothalamus may grow more slowly than normal.
B) Her prefrontal lobes will be overdeveloped.
C) Her dendrites will likely overdevelop.
D) Her anterior cingulate gyrus will be damaged.

Question 33

What is one of the four categories of temperament suggested by the New York Longitudinal Study?

A) edgy
B) slow to warm up
C) hyper
D) angry

Question 34

The coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant is called:

A) psychosocialization.
B) synchrony.
C) symbiosis.
D) interplay.

Question 35

Rex is 3 months old. According to psychoanalyst Margaret Mahler, he views himself as:

A) a part of his mother.
B) a small, helpless being.
C) separate and distinct from his mother.
D) a member of a family.

Question 36

The crucial aspect of synchrony is:

A) infants observing adults.
B) infants imitating adults.
C) mutual interaction.
D) unilateral imitation.

Question 37

What are the four categories of temperament suggested by the New York Longitudinal Study?

A) easy, difficult, unregulated, hard to classify
B) easy, insurgent, slow to warm up, hard to classify
C) easy, difficult, slow to warm up, hard to classify
D) mellow, tense, shy, indeterminate

Question 38

Which statement about emotional development in toddlers is true?

A) Toddlers will universally feel proud of themselves.
B) Emotions like pride and humility are dependent on cultural values.
C) Toddlers are naturally humble.
D) Toddlers are no longer distressed when separated from their parents.

Question 39

Researchers placed a dot of rouge on babies' noses and then had them look into a mirror. On average, at what age did most babies touch their own noses when they saw their reflection?

A) 3 months
B) 6 months
C) 9 months
D) 18 months

Question 40

The emotions of shame, pride, and embarrassment require that a child first:

A) develop long-term memory skills.
B) develop language to express those emotions.
C) gain an awareness of other people.
D) have experienced punishment.

Question 41

The lasting emotional bond that an infant forms with a caregiver is called:

A) pair-bonding.
B) attachment.
C) unionization.
D) synchrony.

Question 42

Mary is playing with her infant daughter Rosalie. Mary responds to Rosalie's facial expressions by mimicking and exaggerating the same expressions. All of a sudden, Mary's face becomes blank and she does not show any emotion. How is Rose likely to respond?

A) Rose will probably frown, fuss, drool, or look away from her mother.
B) Rose will be glad for the break and will probably fall asleep.
C) Rose will exaggerate her mother's facial expression.
D) Rose will smile and coo even more to try to get her mother to respond.

Question 43

Which scenario portrays a secure attachment?

A) a child being willing to explore a new environment in the presence of the caregiver
B) a child refusing to let other children play with his toys
C) a child clinging to her mother in a new environment
D) a child mimicking his mother's expressions in a familiar environment

Question 44

Attachment in infants is definitely evident by the age of:

A) 6 months.
B) 8 months.
C) 10 months.
D) 1 year.

Question 45

Ruby does not notice when her mother leaves the day care center and ignores her mother when she returns. Ruby's behavior is characteristic of _____ attachment.

A) insecure-avoidant
B) insecure-resistant/ambivalent
C) secure
D) disorganized

Question 46

In the Strange Situation, a sign of secure attachment is:

A) smiling at Mother when she returns to the room.
B) crying and not being comforted when Mother comes back.
C) ignoring Mother when she returns to the room.
D) being reluctant to leave Mother to play with new toys.

Question 47

Jerome clings to his mother and refuses to leave her lap. Jerome is exhibiting _____ attachment behavior.

A) insecure-avoidant
B) insecure-resistant/ambivalent
C) secure
D) disoriented

Question 48

Secure attachment makes a toddler:

A) willing to explore.
B) self-centered.
C) cling to the mother.
D) want to talk a lot.

Question 49

Baby Carrie's father is holding her. She is smiling at him one minute and then, unexpectedly, she slaps his face. Since this is typical behavior for her, she may have which type of attachment?

A) insecure-avoidant
B) disorganized
C) secure-detached
D) insecure-resistant/ambivalent

Question 50

Nine-month-old Taran explores new environments when his mother is present but shows distress when his mother leaves the room. Taran's behavior illustrates a(n) _____ attachment.

A) secure
B) insecure-resistant/ambivalent
C) insecure-avoidant
D) disorganized

Question 51

Based on research, attachment appears to be:

A) based on cognitive theory.
B) an ethnotheory.
C) universal around the world.
D) only in Western cultures.

Question 52

"Proximity-seeking" and "contact-maintaining" behaviors are displays of:

A) love.
B) fear.
C) attachment.
D) friendliness.

Question 53

Dr. Berkowitz is doing research using the Strange Situation in order to measure a child's:

A) fear.
B) love.
C) attachment.
D) depth perception.

Question 54

Synchrony depends on:

A) attention span.
B) stable mood.
C) responsiveness and timing.
D) breast-feeding.

Question 55

In the Strange Situation, a sign of insecure attachment might be:

A) smiling at Mother when she returns to the room.
B) crying and unable to be comforted when Mother returns.
C) seeking contact with Mother when reunited.
D) playing happily as long as Mother is present.

Question 56

Which child shows a secure attachment?

A) one who ignores the caregiver while sitting in a corner
B) one who expresses fear at the sight of the caregiver
C) one who makes contact with the caregiver after the caregiver re-enters the room
D) one who refuses to let go of the caregiver when the caregiver attempts to place the child on the floor

Question 57

The Strange Situation measures how a child:

A) responds to a stranger.
B) plays with a parent.
C) responds to separations and reunions with a caregiver.
D) plays with toys he or she has never seen before.

Question 58

In the research performed by Tronick & Weinberg, mothers were instructed to interact with their infants by copying their babies' facial expressions, and then on cue to show no emotional reaction at all. This procedure is called the:

A) facial mimicking technique.
B) emotional expression technique.
C) still-face technique.
D) social response technique.

Question 59

A sign of secure attachment is when a child:

A) refuses to let go of the caregiver's arm.
B) plays aimlessly without interacting with the caregiver.
C) shows extreme fear and anger.
D) maintains contacting with the caregiver while exploring.

Question 60

Victor and Rosa want to enhance their synchrony with their six-month-old daughter. They can best do this by:

A) imitating her vocal and facial expressions.
B) watching her imitate their mouth movements and smiles.
C) listening to her vocalizations.
D) including her in their conversations.

Question 61

A child fixated in the oral stage may become an adult who:

A) eats too much.
B) is excessively neat.
C) is a homosexual.
D) has intense fears.

Question 62

A child's typical activity during the oral stage is:

A) sucking on a pacifier.
B) toilet training.
C) feeling a blanket using the fingers.
D) playing peek-a-boo.

Question 63

According to psychoanalytic theory, the child's prime focus of pleasure in the first year of life is the: anus. stomach.

A) hands and feet.
B) mouth.

Question 64

Abed is 12 months old, and his uncle Frank is visiting for the first time in 6 months. Frank is delighted to see his nephew, so as he enters the room, he booms, "There's my little man!" Abed looks to his mother, who is smiling broadly at her brother Frank, and crawls to her to be picked up. Abed is demonstrating:

A) attachment disorder.
B) social referencing.
C) social phobia.
D) insecure attachment.

Question 65

A parent and a toddler meet someone who makes the parent nervous. The toddler will probably:

A) act anxious.
B) smile and reach for the person.
C) start crying and hit the person.
D) not show any reaction.

Question 66

Harry's mother left him for a few minutes. When she returned, Harry climbed into her lap and then resumed playing. Harry is probably a(n) _____ attached child.

A) insecurely
B) securely
C) timidly
D) disorganized

Question 67

Geoffrey enjoys spending time with his one-year-old son. Compared to his wife, Geoffrey's interaction with their son is likely to be:

A) more actively playful.
B) less noisy and boisterous.
C) more involved with basic care. less active and energetic.

Question 68

Recent research has indicated that once an infant has become securely attached to an adult:

A) a healthy personality is expected throughout life.
B) no relationship problems will occur later on.
C) he or she is likely to be a securely attached child.
D) his or her attachment status never changes.

Question 69

One clear difference between father-infant and mother- infant interactions is that:

A) fathers foster insecure attachment.
B)babies find their mothers more fun.
C) babies laugh and smile more with their fathers.
D) fathers do not affect their babies' cognitive development.

Question 70

Rodney was raised on a farm in Utah and enjoys the taste of beef liver cooked with onions. Sarah was raised in New York City and would never think of eating beef liver, but she very much enjoys sushi. What explains their differences in food preference?

A) differences in attachment styles
B) biological differences in their taste buds
C) behavioral reinforcement
D) social referencing

Question 71

Compared to mothers, fathers are more likely to make their infants:

A) stop crying.
B) laugh.
C) go to sleep.
D) say "please."

Question 72

A baby searches the faces of her parents to see how to respond in unfamiliar situations. This is called:

A) separation anxiety.
B) social referencing.
C) stranger anxiety.
D) uncertainty checking.

Question 73

Based on the experience of the Romanian children who were institutionalized during the late twentieth century, what might be concluded about attachment?

A) A person's attachment style starts to be set by about six months of age.
B) There is no sensitive period for attachment.
C) No matter how impoverished an infant's emotional environment, self-righting will protect the child from permanent psychological damage.
D) As long as children are adopted by six years of age, they can overcome any emotional disability that had developed prior to that.

Question 74

How do people become "fixated" in a Freudian stage?

A) They experience excessive emotions.
B) Their normal developmental urges are frustrated.
C) Their mother is not their primary caregiver.
D) They fail to undergo a normal cognitive metamorphosis.

Question 75

Freud's stage that takes place in the second year is called:

A) the phallic state.
B) the anal stage.
C) trust versus mistrust.
D) the oral stage.

Question 76

Freud claimed that during the anal stage:

A) infants often find urinating and defecating to be painful.
B) toilet training leads to positive mother-child interactions.
C) infants find pleasure in stimulating and controlling the bowels.
D) infants strive to develop a sense of trust in the parents.

Question 77

Sigmund Freud was a(n):

A) ethological theorist.
B) behaviorist.
C) psychoanalytic theorist.
D) humanistic theorist.

Question 78

Josh is 15 months old. His parents are happy in their marriage and financially stable. Most likely, Josh's attachment type will be:

A) insecure-resistant/ambivalent.
B) insecure-avoidant.
C) disorganized.
D) secure.

Question 79

When playing with their children, fathers are more likely than mothers to:

A) read stories.
B) engage in physical play.
C) show them how to play with their toys.
D) give them food rewards.

Question 80

When playing with their children, mothers are more likely than fathers to:

A) engage in physical play.
B) help children to become less fearful.
C) engage in noisy play.
D) play peek-a-boo and patty cake.