Question 1

Which of the following is not likely to be considered when addressing a water excess or deficit?&#10;A)Blood pressure&#10;B)Heart rate&#10;C)Respiratory rate&#10;D)Urine output

Accepted Answer

Respiratory rate is less directly related to water excess or deficit compared to blood pressure, heart rate, and urine output, which are more directly influenced by the body's hydration status.

Question 2

A patient is given 1000 mL D5W IV. The change in the compartment volume of the patient's intracellular fluid is:&#10;A)83 mL.&#10;B)250 mL.&#10;C)333 mL.&#10;D)667 mL.

Accepted Answer

667 mL.

Question 3

Which is the most common cause of rhabdomyolysis?&#10;A)Electrocution&#10;B)Metabolic disorders&#10;C)Repetitive muscle injury&#10;D)Striated muscle injury

Accepted Answer

Striated muscle injury is the most common cause of rhabdomyolysis, which occurs when muscle tissue breaks down rapidly and releases its contents into the bloodstream. This can be caused by a variety of factors, such as trauma, crush injuries, excessive exercise, and drug use. Electrolyte imbalances and metabolic disorders can also contribute to rhabdomyolysis, but they are not the most common cause. Repetitive muscle injury may contribute to rhabdomyolysis, but it is not typically the primary cause.

Question 4

Which IV solution is contraindicated for patients with hyponatremia?&#10;A)D5W&#10;B)Lactated Ringer's&#10;C)Normal saline&#10;D)3% saline

Accepted Answer

D5W (5% dextrose in water) is contraindicated in patients with hyponatremia because it is hypotonic and can worsen hyponatremia by further diluting the sodium concentration in the extracellular fluid.

Question 5

When a set of routine electrolytes is ordered, the difference between all the cations and all the anions in the body is known as the:&#10;A)anion gap.&#10;B)cation gap.&#10;C)anion-cation gap.&#10;D)anion-cation differential.

Accepted Answer

The difference between the concentrations of all measured cations (mainly sodium and potassium) and all measured anions (mainly chloride and bicarbonate) is known as the anion gap. It is calculated by subtracting the sum of chloride and bicarbonate from the sum of sodium and potassium. The anion gap helps in diagnosing metabolic acidosis, where there is excessive accumulation of acid in the body.

Question 6

Which is the major intracellular anion?&#10;A)Bicarbonate&#10;B)Chloride&#10;C)Hydrogen&#10;D)Phosphate

Accepted Answer

Phosphate is the major intracellular anion, as it is an essential component of nucleotides, phospholipids, and many other important cellular molecules. Bicarbonate, chloride, and hydrogen are all important anions in the body, but they are primarily found extracellularly.

Question 7

A urinary pH level greater than which value may indicate infection?&#10;A)4&#10;B)5&#10;C)6&#10;D)7

Accepted Answer

A urinary pH level greater than 7 may indicate an infection, as normal urine pH typically ranges from 4.5 to 8, with a neutral pH at 7. Urinary tract infections can cause the urine to become more alkaline.

Question 8

A patient with which sodium concentration is in greatest need of water?&#10;A)Greater than 135 mEq/L&#10;B)Greater than 140 mEq/L&#10;C)Greater than 145 mEq/L&#10;D)Greater than 150 mEq/L

Accepted Answer

A sodium concentration greater than 150 mEq/L indicates severe hypernatremia, which is a condition resulting from a significant deficit of water in relation to the body's sodium stores. This condition necessitates prompt water intake to correct the imbalance.

Question 9

Which factor is not considered when calculating a patient's daily sodium intake?&#10;A)The amount of sodium in the food&#10;B)The ratio of sodium to water&#10;C)The rate the sodium is consumed&#10;D)The consistency of the food

Accepted Answer

The consistency of the food is not a factor that is considered when calculating a patient's daily sodium intake. The amount of sodium in the food, the ratio of sodium to water, and the rate at which sodium is consumed are all important factors to consider when calculating daily sodium intake.

Question 10

What is the major intracellular cation?&#10;A)Calcium&#10;B)Magnesium&#10;C)Potassium&#10;D)Sodium

Accepted Answer

The major intracellular cation is potassium. It plays a significant role in maintaining cell membrane potential, protein synthesis, and cell growth. Calcium, magnesium, and sodium are all important ions in the body, but they are primarily found outside of the cell.

Question 11

Using the RIFLE classification, a patient is diagnosed with acute kidney injury (AKI) if he/she produces less than 0.5 mL/kg/hr urine for which time period?&#10;A)6 hours&#10;B)12 hours&#10;C)18 hours&#10;D)24 hours

Accepted Answer

The answer of Using the RIFLE classification, a patient is...

Question 12

Which condition is likely when serum potassium levels decline to less than 3 mEq/L?&#10;A)Hyperkalemia&#10;B)Metabolic alkalosis&#10;C)Metabolic acidosis&#10;D)Hypercalcemia

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which condition is likely when serum potassium...

Question 13

A patient dying of starvation is likely to have these in his/her urine specimen?&#10;A)Bacteria&#10;B)Hemoglobin&#10;C)Ketones&#10;D)White blood cells

Accepted Answer

The answer of A patient dying of starvation is likely...

Question 14

People suffering from the common cold risk overdosing on which popular analgesic because it is found in a wide variety of products that cold sufferers often take at the same time?&#10;A)Acetaminophen&#10;B)Celecoxib&#10;C)Ibuprofen&#10;D)Naproxen

Accepted Answer

The answer of People suffering from the common cold risk...

Question 15

Which cation plays a role in muscle contraction and nerve conduction?&#10;A)Calcium&#10;B)Hydrogen&#10;C)Bicarbonate&#10;D)Sodium

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which cation plays a role in muscle...

Question 16

The intravascular compartment contains which fraction of the total body fluids?&#10;A)1/3&#10;B)1/4&#10;C)1/6&#10;D)1/12

Accepted Answer

The answer of The intravascular compartment contains which fraction of...

Deck 13: Renal Problems