Deck 7: Intelligence, Reasoning, Creativity, and Wisdom

Question 1

In the dual-component model, the phrase cognition as basic processes is used to discuss the first cognitive process, which concerns developmental changes in basic information-processing and problem-solving abilities.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Many young adults in their 20s are thought to possess post-formal thought, which is characterized by the recognition that truth varies across situations, solutions to problems are realistic and reasonable, ambiguity and contradiction are the norm, and emotional and subjective factors play a role in thinking.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Research studies indicate that contrary to popular perception, there is no relationship between age and wisdom.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Hypothetico-deductive thought is similar to using the scientific method.

Question 5

Crystallized and fluid intelligence are examples of primary mental abilities.

Question 6

Theories of intelligence are multidirectional, meaning that they specify many domains of intellectual abilities.

Question 7

The psychometric approach to intelligence emphasizes the ways in which people conceptualize problems and focuses on modes or styles of thinking.

Question 8

The mechanics of intelligence are governed more by environmental and cultural factors.

Question 9

For the theorist Piaget, thought is governed by the principles of adaptation and organization.

Question 10

Third-order relations between secondary mental abilities are the highest level of the hierarchy of skills regarding the structure of intelligence.

Question 11

Secondary mental abilities are independent abilities within psychometric intelligence based on different combinations of standardized intelligence tests.

Question 12

Secondary mental abilities are not measured directly.

Question 13

Japanese adults use more wisdom-related reasoning strategies than American adults.

Question 14

Fluid intelligence can improve after direct training.

Question 15

In Piaget's pre-operational stage, children can classify objects into groups based on logical principles and can mentally reverse a series of events.

Question 16

Factors are the interrelations among performance on similar tests of psychometric intelligence.

Question 17

The range of functioning within an individual and the conditions under which a person's abilities can be modified within a specific age range is known as multidimensionality.

Question 18

Life-span theorists are interested in individual differences and plasticity in intelligence.

Question 19

The cognitive-structural approach to intelligence involves defining intelligence as right or wrong performance on standardized tests.

Question 20

Multidirectional changes are the distinct patterns of change in abilities over the life span, where some abilities remain stable and others increase or decrease.

Question 21

Research on developmental trends in formal operations shows that

A) older adults outperform younger adults.
B) college-educated adults typically skip this stage.
C) all adults operate at this level.
D) some adults never attain this level.

Question 22

The question "Which comes next in this series of letters: d f i m r x e?" is a test of

A) auditory organization.
B) visual organization.
C) crystallized intelligence.
D) fluid intelligence.

Question 23

Changing how you study for algebra exams as compared with history exams would be an example of __________ in Piaget's theory.

A) organization
B) operations
C) accommodation
D) assimilation

Question 24

Being open to experiences helps

A) increase perceptual speed.
B) increases declines in crystallized intelligence.
C) buffer declines in fluid intelligence.
D) to regain abilities lost to vascular disease.

Question 25

Individuals with which personality characteristic at midlife tended to experience fewer declines in intellectual competence?

A) Egocentricism
B) Personal control
C) Flexible attitude
D) Introversion

Question 26

The organization of interrelated intellectual abilities is known as

A) psychometric approach.
B) dual-component model.
C) the structure of intelligence.
D) practical intelligence.

Question 27

Research on emotion and thought processes has concluded that

A) younger adults tended to think at higher developmental levels when confronted with emotionally charged problems, such as unethical behavior at work.
B) middle-aged adults tended to think at lower developmental levels when confronted with emotionally charged problems, such as unethical behavior at work.
C) high-school students tended to think at the highest developmental levels when confronted with emotionally charged problems.
D) middle-aged adults tended to think at higher developmental levels when confronted with emotionally charged problems.

Question 28

The approach to intelligence that focuses on developmental changes in the way people conceptualize problems and styles of thinking is known as the

A) psychometric approach.
B) dual-component model.
C) cognitive structural approach.
D) practical intelligence.

Question 29

Evidence concerning crystallized and fluid intelligence shows that

A) all abilities change at the same rate.
B) all abilities decline.
C) intellectual development is constant.
D) intellectual development is diverse.

Question 30

Wisdom is viewed as involving the following cognitive processes except

A) practical and social intelligence.
B) insight into the deeper meanings underlying a given situation.
C) constrained thinking.
D) awareness of the relative, uncertain, and paradoxical nature of problems.

Question 31

The "triumph of knowledge over reasoning" is best documented by research on

A) wisdom.
B) expertise.
C) post-formal thought.
D) unexercised abilities.

Question 32

Which theorist(s) proposed that the development of intelligence stems from the emergence of increasingly complex cognitive structures?

A) Piaget
B) Blanchard-Fields
C) Jung and Haier
D) Baltes

Question 33

Research on age differences in wisdom shows that

A) there is little association between age and wisdom.
B) wisdom increases dramatically during old age.
C) there are few individual differences.
D) young adults cannot be wise.

Question 34

According to your textbook,

A) the use of problem-solving strategies ends in middle adulthood.
B) older adults use a similar strategy across problem-solving contexts.
C) younger adults use varied strategies across problem-solving contexts.
D) younger adults use a similar strategy across problem-solving contexts.

Question 35

According to the dual-component model, adulthood is predominantly concerned with the growth of

A) fluid intelligence.
B) crystallized intelligence.
C) intercohort similarity.
D) multidiversity trends.

Question 36

The __________ hypothesis states that intelligent people show weaker neural activations in a smaller number of areas than less intelligent people.

A) biological
B) neurophysiological
C) neural efficiency
D) neural activation

Question 37

Crystallized intelligence is an example of

A) cognition as basic processes.
B) interdependent third-order abilities.
C) untrained or unpracticed ability.
D) optimally exercised ability.

Question 38

Which of the following statements best describes expertise?

A) Expertise is due to a biological predisposition to excel in one area or another.
B) Expertise is negatively correlated with age.
C) People tend to become selective experts.
D) Someone who is an expert in one area is probably an expert in all areas of their life.

Question 39

Which of the following is accurate regarding creativity?

A) Creativity peaks in the late 50s.
B) Creativity peaks in the late 20s.
C) Creativity peaks in the late 40s.
D) Creativity remains stable across the life-span.

Question 40

According to Piaget's theory, interpreting the world in terms of existing cognitive structures is called

A) organization.
B) operations.
C) accommodation.
D) assimilation.

Question 41

Based on the developmental changes in fluid and crystallized intelligence, on which type of test would you expect an older person to receive a high score?

A) Vocabulary
B) Perceptual speed
C) Spatial relations
D) Inductive reasoning

Question 42

The Dalai Lama wisdom story at the beginning of the chapter highlighted all of the following characteristics of wisdom except which of the following?

A) It involved practical knowledge.
B) It was given at a price.
C) It was based on life experience.
D) It involved psychological insights.

Question 43

The purpose of Project ACTIVE was to study

A) inductive reasoning.
B) older persons' use of mnemonic devices.
C) training of primary mental abilities.
D) vocabulary changes over the life span.

Question 44

Which of the following is not an important indicator of intelligent behavior?

A) Reading
B) Motivation
C) Intellectual effort
D) Introversion

Question 45

Which of the following tests would not measure crystallized intelligence?

A) Vocabulary
B) Intentional learning
C) Comprehension
D) Inductive reasoning

Question 46

In the dual-component model, pragmatic intelligence dominates during

A) childhood.
B) adolescence.
C) adulthood.
D) throughout the life span.

Question 47

Post-formal thought is characterized by all of the following except

A) the correct answer varies from situation to situation.
B) there is only one correct answer.
C) emotion and subjective factors usually play a role in thinking.
D) the recognition that the solutions must be realistic.

Question 48

Which of the following is the correct sequence of Piaget's stages?

A) Concrete operations, sensorimotor, formal operations, preoperational
B) Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations
C) Formal operations, concrete operations, preoperational, sensorimotor
D) Preoperational, formal operations, sensorimotor, concrete operations

Question 49

According to your textbook which of the following is true of older adults' decision making?

A) Older adults have difficulty in familiar situations.
B) Older adults have less difficulty when under time pressure.
C) Their tendencies in decision making can result in the financial exploitation of older adults.
D) Older adults' speed of decision making is faster than younger adults.

Question 50

According to your textbook, older adults define problems more in terms of

A) intrapersonal goals.
B) intrapersonal concerns.
C) interpersonal goals.
D) interpersonal concerns.

Question 51

Which of the following is not a specific factor identified by Baltes and Staudinger (2000) to help a person become wise?

A) Intraindividual variability
B) General personal conditions
C) Specific expertise conditions
D) Facilitating life contexts

Question 52

Traditional scientific reasoning is an example of which aspect of formal operations?

A) Hypothetico-deductive thought
B) Multiple frameworks
C) Reality constraints
D) Multiple solutions

Question 53

The fact that younger generations generally do better on primary mental abilities than older generations is an example of

A) a cohort effect.
B) changes in the information-processing system.
C) better health care improving mental functioning.
D) All of these.

Question 54

Everyday decision-making situations

A) do not necessarily reflect the demands typical in laboratory research.
B) requires a lot of capacity.
C) are precisely replicated in laboratory research.
D) do not require working memory.

Question 55

The effects of age on cognition and intelligence are related, at least in part, to vascular disease that selectively affects the

A) visual cortex.
B) level of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
C) density of brain white matter.
D) prefrontal brain.

Question 56

Research on practical problem solving shows that

A) performance peaks in early adulthood and then declines.
B) performance increases from early adulthood to middle age.
C) performance increases most between middle and old age.
D) performance remains the same across adulthood.

Question 57

The hierarchy of intelligence from the lowest to highest levels is

A) test questions, tests, primary mental abilities, secondary mental abilities, third-order mental abilities, general intelligence.
B) primary mental abilities, secondary mental abilities, third-order mental abilities, general intelligence, test questions, tests.
C) primary mental abilities, secondary mental abilities, test questions, tests, third-order mental abilities, general intelligence.
D) primary mental abilities, test questions, tests, general intelligence, secondary mental abilities, third-order mental abilities.

Question 58

On the television show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, many of the big winners have been in their 40s and 50s. This is likely due to their superiority in which type of intelligence?

A) Fluid
B) Emotional
C) Crystallized
D) Inductive reasoning

Question 59

Because it is difficult to study all the primary mental abilities, researchers have focused on five representative ones. These are number, word fluency, verbal meaning, inductive reasoning, and

A) deductive reasoning.
B) reflective judgment.
C) spatial orientation.
D) crystallized intelligence.

Question 60

Testing problem-solving and verbal abilities by using measures specifically designed to assess these components is characteristic of which approach?

A) Piaget's cognitive developmental approach
B) The cognitive structural approach
C) The psychometric approach
D) The information-processing approach

Question 61

Individual differences in crystallized intelligence increase with age because maintaining crystallized intelligence depends on

A) one's IQ level.
B) normative biological aging of the brain.
C) lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise.
D) being in situations that require its use.

Question 62

Popular television shows such as Jeopardy! are based on contestants' accumulated

A) fluid intelligence.
B) crystallized intelligence.
C) unexercised abilities.
D) multidirectionality of thinking.

Question 63

Project ACTIVE examined whether primary mental abilities could be trained. Which second-order ability is related to the abilities trained in ACTIVE?

A) Fluid intelligence
B) Crystallized intelligence
C) Short-term memory
D) Long-term memory

Question 64

According to Piaget, what is responsible for cognitive development?

A) Changes in cognitive structures
B) Changes in function
C) Changes in assimilation processes
D) Changes in behavior

Question 65

Which of the following is not a characteristic of fluid intelligence?

A) Knowing the names of the oceans
B) Using inductive reasoning
C) Knowing which letter comes next in a series
D) Using abstract thinking

Question 66

Collin is frustrated because his dad will not tell him which way is the "correct" way to mow the lawn. Collin is demonstrating which aspect of formal operations?

A) Hypothetico-deductive thought
B) Multiple frameworks
C) Reality constraints
D) Single solution

Question 67

According to Kitchener and King, reflective judgment progresses in the following order:

A) pre-reflective, mid-reflective, post-reflective
B) pre-reflective, quasi-reflective, true-reflective
C) quasi-reflective, mid-reflective, post-reflective
D) nonreflective, quasi-reflective, post-reflective

Question 68

Experts and laypeople were found to have extremely high agreement on the factors that constitute intelligence. Which of the following was not one of those factors?

A) Social competence
B) Problem-solving abilities
C) Verbal ability
D) Spatial ability

Question 69

In Denney's model, which of the following terms refers to the ability a normal healthy adult would exhibit without practice or training?

A) Optimally exercised ability
B) Pragmatic intelligence
C) Unexercised ability
D) Interindividual variability

Question 70

Based on the research on fluid and crystallized intelligence, we know that

A) learning continues through adulthood.
B) learning gets easier through adulthood.
C) you can't teach an old dog new tricks.
D) learning in adulthood is tedious and should be avoided.

Question 71

From the research on intelligence, we know that, with increasing age,

A) there are gains in information-processing abilities.
B) there are losses in information-processing abilities.
C) there are declines in experience-based processes.
D) information-processing abilities and experience-based processes remain stable.

Question 72

High levels of __________ has/have been associated with lower rates of dementia.

A) white matter hyperintensities
B) B vitamins in one's diet
C) education
D) egocentrism in one's personality

Question 73

The P-FIT model examines the interrelations between the parietal lobe, located __________ , and the frontal lobe, located ___________.

A) behind the forehead; at the top of the head
B) at the top of the head; behind the forehead
C) at the base of the skull; behind the forehead
D) at the center of the brain; behind the forehead

Question 74

According to Piaget's theory, placing thoughts into a coordinated whole is called

A) organization.
B) adaptation.
C) accommodation.
D) assimilation.

Question 75

Which of the following is not true of older adults' decision making?

A) Older adults have difficulty in unfamiliar situations.
B) Older adults have difficulty when under time pressure.
C) Older adults have difficulty when decision making requires a lot of capacity.
D) Older adults' quality of decisions is not as good as younger adults.

Question 76

Research on wisdom shows that it is most associated with

A) creativity.
B) age.
C) fluid intelligence.
D) life experience.

Question 77

Using what you know about fast food restaurants to order lunch at a new burger place is an example of __________ in Piaget's theory.

A) organization
B) operations
C) accommodation
D) assimilation

Question 78

Reasoning about highly emotionally charged dilemmas

A) is easier for young adults.
B) is easier for older adults.
C) is easier for adolescents.
D) is easier for middle-aged adults.

Question 79

According to Piaget's theory, changing one's thoughts to make a better approximation of the world is called

A) organization.
B) operations.
C) accommodation.
D) assimilation.

Question 80

Knowing all the names of each president and vice president of the United States of America draws on which intelligence?

A) Fluid intelligence
B) Crystallized intelligence
C) Primary intelligence
D) Tertiary intelligence