Deck 4: Longevity, Health, and Functioning

Question 1

Older adults may be more susceptible to HIV infection because of changes in the immune system.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

For people in the United States, the current average longevity from birth is about 79 years. .

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Overflow incontinence results from improper contraction of the kidneys, causing the bladder to become over distended.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The United States has higher rates of most chronic diseases and functional impairment than England or the rest of Europe.

Question 5

Illness is the presence of a physical or mental disease or impairment.

Question 6

Populations around the world vary as to how long they live on average, from80-years-old in Sierra Leone in Africa to 38-years-old in Japan.

Question 7

The perceived ability to cope with harm, threat, or challenge is known as primary appraisal.

Question 8

Ongoing research is revolutionizing how we treat diseases by improving the way that medications work through tailoring medications based on a specific person's genes.

Question 9

Researchers speculate that when stressed, men opt for a fight or flight response, whereas women opt for a tend and befriend approach.

Question 10

The incidence rate of chronic disease decreases with age, while the incidence rate of acute disease increases with age.

Question 11

The disease diabetes mellitus occurs when the pancreas produces insufficient globulins.

Question 12

A great mystery is how the immune system differentiates between one's own cells and invaders.

Question 13

Episodic memory, remembering to take one's medication at a future time, is critical to good adherence to a medication regimen.

Question 14

There is much evidence that drugs stay longer in the body as people grow older.

Question 15

Thyroxine is the hormone important in women's reproductive activities and for establishing strong bond with one's children.

Question 16

The nonpharmacological approach to pain management includes the use of narcotic and nonnarcotic medications.

Question 17

Although longevity differences between high and low socioeconomic groups in the United States narrowed during the latter part of the 20^th century, these improvements have stopped since 1990 due to continued differences in access to health care.

Question 18

The sad part about most environmental factors is that human activity is responsible for most of them.

Question 19

Smartphone apps are available that monitor medication schedules as well as several health indicators of compliance.

Question 20

A person is said to have a disability when a chronic condition affects a person's ability to engage in necessary, expected, and desired activities.

Question 21

After doing poorly on an exam, you ask yourself, "What can I do to improve my performance next time?" This is an example of a

A) primary appraisal.
B) secondary appraisal.
C) tertiary appraisal.
D) reappraisal.

Question 22

Which of the following statements about ethnic differences in average longevity is true?

A) Latinos have higher average life expectancies than European Americans and African Americans at all ages.
B) African Americans have higher average life expectancies than European Americans and Latinos at all ages.
C) European Americans have higher average life expectancies at all ages than African Americans but not Latinos.
D) African Americans have higher average life expectancies at all ages than Latinos but not European Americans.

Question 23

Which of the following is not a general pain management technique?

A) pharmacological.
B) non-pharmacological.
C) surgical.
D) none of these are correct.

Question 24

is one of the most common complaints of older adults, affecting more than 40% of community- dwelling adults on a regular basis.

A) Pain
B) Depression
C) Sleep apnea
D) Decreased mobility

Question 25

Lawton and colleagues (1999) found that a person's valuation of life had a great deal of impact on

A) that person's experience of chronic diseases.
B) how long that person would like to live.
C) experience of acute illnesses.
D) rates of depression.

Question 26

As the number of older adults increases rapidly

A) so will the extent of chronic conditions as health problems.
B) a shift from chronic care to acute care is needed.
C) the extent of acute conditions will decrease.
D) all of these are correct

Question 27

Bess is having problems keeping track of her bills and checking account. These problems are known as

A) functional activities of daily living.
B) instrumental activities of daily living.
C) activities of daily living.
D) disabilities of daily living.

Question 28

Research has determined that there is a biological explanation for why women live longer than men. Which of these is true?

A) Women have two X chromosomes whereas men have only one.
B) Women have a higher brain-to-body weight ratio.
C) Women have less testosterone.
D) None of these have enough scientific support to explain why women, on average and in industrialized countries, outlive men.

Question 29

Across all racial and ethnic groups, more affluent older adults have _____________________ and _____________________ than individuals in lower socioeconomic groups.

A) lower levels of disability; lower health-related quality of life
B) higher levels of disability; higher health-related quality of life
C) higher levels of disability; lower health-related quality of life
D) lower levels of disability; higher health-related quality of life

Question 30

Death in childbirth partially explains the lack of a female advantage in longevity in developing countries today; however, another part of the difference in some countries results from

A) more baby girl twins being born than baby boy twins.
B) more baby boys being conceived than baby girls.
C) baby girls having more complications during birth than baby boys.
D) infanticide of baby girls.

Question 31

Which of the following forms of cancer is thought to have a genetic link?

A) breast
B) spinal
C) stomach
D) lung

Question 32

Adoptive cellular therapy treats cancer by

A) hastening the response of the existing immune system.
B) reducing the number of BRCAI and BRCA2 mutations.
C) modulating the immune response.
D) reducing monoclonal antibodies.

Question 33

When you decide to tackle a problem head on, you are using

A) emotion-focused coping.
B) problem-focused coping.
C) tertiary coping.
D) primary coping.

Question 34

is the second leading cause of death in the United States, behind cardiovascular disease.

A) Type I diabetes
B) Cancer
C) Stroke
D) Alzheimer's disease

Question 35

Research indicates that there are age differences in the types of coping strategies used across the life span. For example, older adults are more likely to use than younger adults.

A) active coping strategies
B) emotion-focused strategies
C) personal mastery strategies
D) community-focused strategies

Question 36

According to Lazarus and Folkman, arguing that "I don't have to worry about plane crashes because I never fly" is an example of

A) primary appraisal.
B) secondary appraisal.
C) tertiary appraisal.
D) coping.

Question 37

The changing balance of T-lymphocytes may help explain why older adults need to be immunized against specific diseases such as influenza.

A) earlier
B) later
C) not at all
D) repeatedly over a period of months

Question 38

Due to physiological changes, older adults are at risk for all of the following except

A) increased side effects from medication.
B) increased risk of toxic effects from medication.
C) slower absorption of medication.
D) faster excretion of medication.

Question 39

The oldest age to which any individual of a species lives is called

A) maximum longevity.
B) average longevity.
C) compression of morbidity.
D) dependent life expectancy.

Question 40

The common cold, influenza, and food poisoning are examples of

A) simple diseases.
B) immune system diseases.
C) acute diseases.
D) chronic diseases.

Question 41

Prolonged stress can cause damage to the sympathetic nervous system along with

A) increases in cardiovascular disease.
B) impaired immune system functioning.
C) increases in some forms of cancer.
D) all of these are correct.

Question 42

Living in poverty

A) shortens longevity.
B) has no measurable impact on longevity.
C) increases longevity.
D) none of these are correct.

Question 43

Prevention and treatment of diabetes among older adults involves

A) increasing the intake of sugar.
B) reducing involvement in exercise.
C) a low carbohydrate and low calorie diet.
D) increasing intake of red wine.

Question 44

Arthritis is an example of a(n)

A) chronic disease.
B) acute disease.
C) lymphoma.
D) simple disease.

Question 45

Computing the average longevity of people currently 50-years-old

A) includes all people born in that particular year 50-years-ago.
B) results in the same estimate of longevity as that calculated from birth.
C) does not include anyone who was born in the same year but died before age 50.
D) is not mathematically possible.

Question 46

All of the following are non-narcotic pharmacological approaches to pain management except

A) acetaminophen.
B) ibuprofen.
C) NSAIDs.
D) meperidine.

Question 47

Evaluating one's ability to control and cope with harm, threat, or challenge occurs during

A) primary appraisal.
B) secondary appraisal.
C) reappraisal.
D) emotional adaptation.

Question 48

All of the following are environmental factors that impact longevity rates except

A) toxins in food and water.
B) airborne pollutants.
C) living in poverty.
D) implanting corrected genes to eliminate defective genes.

Question 49

People with diabetes mellitus can experience if their sugar level is too high and if their sugar level is too low.

A) fever; coma
B) coma; fever
C) coma; unconsciousness
D) unconsciousness; coma

Question 50

In the United States, which of the following statements about sex differences in average longevity is true?

A) Women live less long due to factors such as maternal mortality and female infanticide.
B) Women tend to live longer than men.
C) Men and women have the same average longevity.
D) Men live longer due to their increased access to health care and higher socioeconomic status.

Question 51

The time needed for medication to make it into the blood stream is called

A) absorption.
B) distribution.
C) metabolism.
D) excretion.

Question 52

The World Health Organization defines health as a state of complete

A) physical well-being.
B) social well-being.
C) mental well-being.
D) all of these are correct.

Question 53

Compared with younger adults, older adults' metabolism of medication

A) takes more time.
B) takes less time.
C) takes the same amount of time.
D) requires more medication to achieve the same levels in the blood stream.

Question 54

The sequence of loss of function is referred to as the

A) hierarchy of needs.
B) hierarchy of loss.
C) ADL indicators.
D) IADL indicators.

Question 55

Changes in increase the older adult's vulnerability to infection, viruses, and certain types of arthritis.

A) white matter
B) the autonomic nervous system
C) quality of life
D) the immune system

Question 56

Research indicates that one of he most serious consequences of chronic stress is that it __________ the level of _____________.

A) decreases; LDL cholesterol.
B) increases; oxytocin.
C) increases; LDL cholesterol.
D) decreases; oxytocin.

Question 57

Which of the following is not a type of incontinence?

A) stress incontinence
B) urge incontinence
C) genetic incontinence
D) overflow incontinence

Question 58

The age at which half the individuals born in any particular year will have died is called

A) maximum longevity.
B) average longevity.
C) functional health.
D) chronic longevity

Question 59

ends when one loses independence or must rely on others for activities of daily living.

A) Maximum life expectancy
B) Average life expectancy
C) Active life expectancy
D) Dependent life expectancy

Question 60

As we get older, our chances of contracting goes down, while our chances of contracting goes up.

A) acute diseases; chronic diseases
B) chronic diseases; acute diseases
C) acute diseases; influenza
D) cancer; chronic diseases

Question 61

The best indicator of how long you will live is

A) how balanced your diet is and whether you exercise regularly.
B) not smoking cigarettes and not drinking.
C) the longevity of the people in your neighborhood.
D) the longevity of relatives.

Question 62

Having difficulty completing daily activities of living due to a chronic condition is known as

A) a long-term illness.
B) medical pathology.
C) a disability.
D) psychoneuroimmunology.

Question 63

At 85-years-old, Elizabeth has recently begun to lose control of her bladder, which has led to several embarrassing situations when she has been out with friends. Elizabeth is suffering from

A) Crohn's disease.
B) irritable bowel syndrome.
C) incontinence.
D) hormonal enuresis.

Question 64

Which of the following is not a type of cell in the immune system?

A) cell-mediated immunity
B) B-lymphocytes
C) autoimmunity
D) nonspecific immunity

Question 65

Thirty years of research has shown that is/are predictive of future health outcomes.

A) self-ratings of health
B) objective assessments of one's exercise habits
C) the number of times one visits the doctor
D) a spouse's rating of one's health

Question 66

Diseases with a rapid onset that last a relatively short time are

A) chronic diseases.
B) acute diseases.
C) age-related.
D) psychological diseases.

Question 67

Older adults take more medications on average than any other age group. When over-the-counter drugs are included, this averages to about medications per older adult.

A) one to two
B) three to four
C) six to seven
D) ten to twelve

Question 68

Type II diabetes is often

A) managed through organ transplants.
B) effectively managed through diet.
C) requires the use of insulin.
D) unavoidable despite monitoring diet and weight.

Question 69

Older adults are more likely to engage in , the taking of multiple medications, than younger adults.

A) multiple pharmacy
B) polypharmacy
C) self-medication
D) medication abuse

Question 70

Activities that require some intellectual competence and planning, such as paying bills and taking medications appropriately, are called

A) functional activities of daily living.
B) instrumental activities of daily living.
C) activities of daily living.
D) disabilities of daily living.

Question 71

A secondary appraisal involves

A) making a new primary appraisal.
B) evaluating one's perceived ability to cope.
C) reassessing an event as benign, positive, or stressful.
D) evaluating all stressors in one's life as benign.

Question 72

The study of the relations between psychological, neurological, and immunological systems is known as

A) autoimmunity.
B) psychoneuroimmunology.
C) autolymphomosis.
D) anti-immunity.

Question 73

Diseases that develop slowly, last a long time, and are relatively difficult to treat are

A) chronic diseases.
B) acute diseases.
C) treated with narcotics.
D) more common in younger adults than in older adults.

Question 74

John frequently feels the urge to urinate and sometimes does not make it to the restroom in time. Because of this, he does not like to be far from a restroom. As a result, John has stopped playing golf and is spending more time at home. John probably has

A) incontinence.
B) impotence.
C) a small bladder.
D) endoprostate.

Question 75

Which of the following is an aspect of life considered a factor in health-related quality of life?

A) entertainment
B) mobility
C) economic resources
D) arts

Question 76

Mr. Switzer takes seven medications for a variety of problems. Most of these medications must be taken every day and at specified times during the day. Trying to remember all this makes it hard for Mr. Switzer to take his medication correctly. He could increase his medication compliance by

A) only seeing his favorite doctor.
B) taking all his medications together first thing in the morning.
C) self-medicating.
D) keeping the number of medications to a minimum.

Question 77

Chronic stress has been shown to have serious effects on the immune system, including

A) increased risk for viral infections.
B) increased risk for atherosclerosis.
C) increased risk for hypertension.
D) all of these are correct.

Question 78

When confronted by an invader, an is produced to protect the body from future invasions.

A) autoantibody
B) autoimmunity
C) antibody
D) anti-immunity

Question 79

Which of the following is a major risk factor for the development of skin cancer?

A) exercise and a low-fat diet
B) exposure to the UV rays of the sun
C) having dark-colored skin
D) low levels of sex hormones

Question 80

The condition of urinary incontinence in older adults

A) is found in more than 90% of the population.
B) can often be treated through behavioral methods.
C) is the result of an increase in stress.
D) can be treated successfully with growth hormones.