Deck 4: Explanations of Criminal Behavior

Question 1

A ______ is a set of ideas that is used to explain a particular phenomenon or concept.

A)correlation
B)causation
C)hypothesis
D)theory

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Minorities are more likely to be arrested than their white counterparts.This is an example of a ______.

A)research question
B)hypothesis
C)theory
D)correlation

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Cesare Beccaria's pain-pleasure principle is linked to the notion of ______.

A)incapacitation
B)deterrence
C)rehabilitation
D)reformation

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following theories suggests that people will avoid potentially pleasurable acts (such as criminal behaviors) if the pain or fear of punishment is significant?

A)biological
B)psychological
C)deterrence
D)rational choice

Question 5

As the number of arrests increases, the prison sentence will also increase.This is an example of a ______.

A)research question
B)hypothesis
C)theory
D)correlation

Question 6

A ______ frames a question that a research is looking to answer.

A)research question
B)hypothesis
C)theory
D)correlation

Question 7

Biological explanations for criminality are examples of ______ theories.

A)macro
B)micro
C)meso
D)mini

Question 8

Jeremy Bentham argued that younger offenders should be treated differently than adult offenders as a result of which of the following?

A)socioeconomic status
B)race/ethnicity
C)decision-making abilities
D)gender

Question 9

______ is a subfield of criminology that specifically looks at issues of punishment, incarceration, and rehabilitation.

A)Victimology
B)Penology
C)Biocriminology
D)Feminist criminology

Question 10

A fundamental premise of the ______ school of thought is that people engage in crime as a result of free will.

A)classical
B)positivist
C)interactionist
D)deterministic

Question 11

______ implies that there is something that directly influences or is responsible for people engaging in criminal behavior.

A)Correlation
B)Causation
C)Hypothesis
D)Theory

Question 12

______ theories of crime focus on individual differences between law-abiding and law-violating behaviors.

A)Macro
B)Micro
C)Meso
D)Mini

Question 13

Sometimes, when one variable increases, so does the other.This is referred to as ______.It means that two variables are linked to each other.

A)correlation
B)causation
C)hypothesis
D)theory

Question 14

Which of the following criminologists is known, among other things, for his development of the panopticon?

A)Cesare Beccaria
B)Cesare Lombroso
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Jeremy Bentham

Question 15

Which of the following theories of crime explores how experiences such as early childhood experiences, cognitive development, and personality characteristics can help explain criminality?

A)biological
B)psychological
C)classical
D)sociological

Question 16

Exploring how poverty causes crime is an example of ______ theories.

A)macro
B)micro
C)meso
D)mini

Question 17

______ theories of crime explore the large-scale social explanations for crime.

A)Macro
B)Micro
C)Meso
D)Mini

Question 18

A ______ provides a path of inquiry to study.

A)research question
B)hypothesis
C)theory
D)correlation

Question 19

The design of the panopticon was ______.

A)circular
B)rectangular
C)octagonal
D)hexagonal

Question 20

The ______ emerged out of a focus on the scientific method and involved a data-driven approach to understanding criminal behavior.

A)classical
B)positivist
C)interactionist
D)deterministic

Question 21

The ______ is considered to be the voice of reason.

A)id
B)superego
C)ego
D)super id

Question 22

Jean Piaget's ______ refers to the first two years of life where children learn about the world through their sensory explorations.

A)sensorimotor stage
B)preoperational stage
C)concrete operational stage
D)formal operational stage

Question 23

Which of the following theories look at how larger social structures such as environment and institutions such as schools, peer groups, and the family can help explain criminal behavior?

A)biological
B)psychological
C)sociological
D)classical

Question 24

During Piaget's ______, children develop their language communication skills.

A)sensorimotor stage
B)preoperational stage
C)concrete operational stage
D)formal operational stage

Question 25

Who among the following theorists set the foundation for social disorganization theory in their studies on the city of Chicago?

A)Shaw and McKay
B)Park and Burgess
C)Beccaria and Bentham
D)Gottfredson and Hirschi

Question 26

The ______ refers to one's instinctual wants and desires and is present at birth.

A)superego
B)ego
C)id
D)super id

Question 27

Which of the following types of theories posits that offenders have failed to develop the capacity to make moral judgements?

A)biological
B)cognitive development theories
C)sociological
D)classical

Question 28

Sociological theories of crimes are considered to be ______.

A)micro-level theories
B)macro-level theories
C)meso-level theories
D)individual-level theories

Question 29

Level three of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of cognitive development and crime, the ______, takes place when young adults begin to consider their worldview in light of their own moral compass.

A)operational
B)preoperational
C)postconventional
D)conventional

Question 30

Cesare Lombroso and William Ferrero noted which of the following physical characteristics of incarcerated women?

A)occipital irregularities
B)small noses
C)pronounced chins
D)thin lips

Question 31

Lombroso and Ferrero were convinced that women who engaged in crime would be ______.

A)more sensitive to pain
B)somewhat more compassionate
C)less jealous than those who did engage in crime
D)full of revenge

Question 32

The majority of Lombroso's subjects came from ______ prisons.

A)American
B)English
C)Italian
D)Spanish

Question 33

One of the major contributions of ______ was that he was the first to use the scientific method to explain criminal behavior.

A)Cesare Beccaria
B)Cesare Lombroso
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Jeremy Bentham

Question 34

Cesare Lombroso and William Ferrero suggested which of the following?

A)women are more evolved than men
B)female criminals were believed to be just as feminine as non-criminal females
C)female offenders were more likely to experience maternal instincts
D)the evil tendencies of female offenders are more numerous and more varied than men's

Question 35

______ combines features of biological theories of crime and how they interact with social environments to produce criminological behaviors.

A)Classica theories of crime
B)Sociological theories of crime
C)Cognitive development theories of crime
D)Biosocial theories of crime

Question 36

Which of the following theories looks at genetic characteristics to explain offending?

A)biological
B)psychological
C)classical
D)sociological

Question 37

Which of the following is more realistic and represents the part of the personality that deals with cognitive decision-making skills?

A)id
B)super ego
C)ego
D)super id

Question 38

Which of the following theorists argued that an individual's personality is based on the id, the ego, and the superego?

A)William Ferrero
B)Cesare Beccaria
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Jean Piaget Answer Location:

Question 39

Lawrence Kohlberg's ______ level takes place when children learn how to evaluate how they can avoid punishment.

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)operational
D)preoperational

Question 40

Which of the following was identified as being one of the most studied variables in the realm of environment and crime?

A)asbestos
B)lead
C)mold
D)insecticides

Question 41

Which of the following theories differs from others as it focuses on factors that prevent people from acting on potential criminological impulses or desires?

A)differential association
B)labeling
C)social bond
D)social disorganization

Question 42

______ looks at individualized psychological sources as correlates of criminal behavior.

A)Differential association theory
B)Social disorganization theory
C)Labeling theory
D)General strain theory

Question 43

Which of the following seeks to show how life events (and traumas) affect the likelihood to engage in crime?

A)differential association
B)social bonds
C)feminist pathways
D)general theory of crime

Question 44

Developed by Howard Becker, which of the following theories is based on the self-fulfilling prophecy?

A)differential association
B)labeling
C)social bond
D)social disorganization

Question 45

Which of the following social bonds refers to a general acceptance of the rules of society?

A)attachment
B)commitment
C)involvement
D)belief

Question 46

Jason sells drugs in an effort to make money and gain status in life.Which mode of adaptation best describes Jason?

A)ritualism
B)rebellion
C)retreatism
D)innovation

Question 47

The ______ is someone who accepts both the socially approved goals and the means to achieve them.

A)conformist
B)ritualist
C)retreatist
D)innovator

Question 48

The ______ is not interested in traditional measures of success, nor is this person willing to engage in hard work.

A)conformist
B)ritualist
C)retreatist
D)innovator

Question 49

Which of the following theories focuses on stress and frustration as a cause of criminality?

A)social disorganization
B)strain
C)differential association
D)labeling

Question 50

______ theory looks at how criminality begins during adolescence or young adulthood and either persists or desists throughout one's life and the factors or life events that may encourage these shifts in behavior.

A)Social learning
B)Life course
C)Differential association
D)Feminist pathways

Question 51

Differential associations may vary in _______.

A)needs
B)duration
C)values
D)location

Question 52

______ is a sense of normlessness that societies experience as a result of a breakdown in the social cohesion.

A)Labeling
B)Differential association
C)Strain
D)Anomie

Question 53

Developed by Edwin Sutherland, which of the following theories posits that these learned behaviors about crime and delinquency are a result of peer associations?

A)strain
B)differential association
C)social disorganization
D)social bond

Question 54

Which of the following social bonds refers to the investment that an individual has to the normative values of society?

A)attachment
B)commitment
C)involvement
D)belief

Question 55

______ suggests that people learn from observing the behaviors of others around them.

A)Social disorganization
B)Social bonds
C)Labeling
D)Social learning

Question 56

According to Robert Agnew's adaptations to strain, ______ accepts society's goals and rejects society's means to achieve the goals.

A)conformity
B)innovation
C)ritualism
D)rebellion

Question 57

Which of the following macro theories investigates how neighborhood environments contribute to criminal behavior?

A)social bonds theory
B)social disorganization theory
C)labeling theory
D)differential association theory

Question 58

Social disorganization theory is a reflection of how crime is related to ______.

A)socioeconomic status
B)education
C)gender
D)race/ethnicity

Question 59

April is a law abiding college student with a 2-year old daughter.She works evenings and weekends to provide a better life for herself and her child.Which mode of adaptation best describes her?

A)conformist
B)innovation
C)ritualism
D)retreatism

Question 60

Sampson and Laub developed the ______ theory based on longitudinal data collected between 1949 and 1963 by Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck.

A)differential association
B)age graded developmental
C)critical criminology
D)general theory of crime

Question 61

Secondary deviance occurs after an individual has been labeled.

Question 62

Sociological theories of crime are considered to be micro-level theories of crime.

Question 63

The argument that mental illness does NOT cause crime and violence posits that symptoms ______.

A)facilitate crime
B)motivate the offender to commit crime
C)cause criminal behavior
D)have no role in causing crime

Question 64

Agnew's general strain theory highlights three potential sources of strain: failure in achieving positive goals, the loss of positive influences, and the arrival of negative influences.

Question 65

Freud argued that an individual's personality is based on three parts: the id, the ego, and the superego.

Question 66

Theories are sets of ideas used to explain a particular phenomenon or concept.

Question 67

The positivist school of criminology involves a data-driven approach to understanding criminal behavior.

Question 68

According to psychological theories, crime occurs as a result of an inherited trait in an individual.

Question 69

Hirschi argued that attachment refers to the bond that people have with family, friends, and social institutions.It may serve as an informal control against criminality.

Question 70

Macro theories of crime focus on individual differences between law-abiding and law-violating behaviors while micro theories of crime explore the large-scale social explanations for crime.

Question 71

Incapacitation suggests that people will avoid potentially pleasurable acts if the pain or fear of punishment is significant.

Question 72

Which of the following theories is consistent with the argument that there is a relationship between social class and crime?

A)differential association
B)strain
C)feminist pathways
D)general theory of crime

Question 73

Criminologists look to theories to help explain what causes crime and, more specifically, why people engage in criminal behavior.

Question 74

Research has not been able to document a relationship between environment and crime.

Question 75

The fundamental perspective of the classical school of criminology is that people engage in criminal behavior as a result of their own free will.

Question 76

Damon engages in regular drug use as a coping mechanism to escape.According to Merton, this best illustrates rebellion.

Question 77

Which of the following schools of criminology suggests that criminals are different from other citizens?

A)classical
B)positivist
C)biological
D)psychological

Question 78

Primary deviance refers to serious acts that are often brought to the attention of police and courts.

Question 79

Correlation implies that there is something that directly influences or is responsible for people engaging in criminal behavior while causation means that two variables are linked together.

Question 80

According to differential association theory, a person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law.