Deck 9: DNA structure and Analysis

Question 1

Beatrice Mintz and others microinjected DNA into a fertilized mouse egg that after reaching maturity could be transmitted to the mouse's offspring.What is the general term used to describe an organism that incorporates foreign DNA?

Answer 1

transgenic

Question 2

Is the accompanying figure DNA or RNA? ________ Is the arrow closest to the 5' or 3' end? ________ Spleen diesterase is an enzyme that breaks the covalent bond that connects the phosphate to the 5' carbon.Assume that the dinucleotide is digested with spleen diesterase.To which base and to which carbon on the sugar is the phosphate now attached,A or T?

A)DNA; 3' end; T,5'
B)RNA; 3' end; A,3'
C)DNA; 5' end; A,5'
D)DNA; 3' end; A,3'
E)RNA; 3' end; T,3'

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Experiments conducted in the 1920s by Frederick Griffith involving the bacterium Diplococcus pneumoniae demonstrated that a substance from one bacterial strain could genetically transform other bacterial strains.What was the name of the substance capable of such transformation,and who finally determined its identity?

Answer 3

deoxyribonucleic acid; Avery et al.(1944)

Question 4

In the 1860s,a Swiss chemist,Friedrick Miescher,isolated an acidic substance from cell nuclei.What was the name of this substance,and what was its significance?

Question 5

The strongest direct evidence that DNA is the genetic material comes from which contemporary methodology?

Question 6

Considering the Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics,what general property is ascribed to DNA?

Question 7

If 15% of the nitrogenous bases in a sample of DNA from a particular organism is thymine,what percentage should be cytosine?

A)15%
B)30%
C)35%
D)40%
E)70%

Question 8

In the classic experiment conducted by Hershey and Chase,why was the pellet radioactive in the centrifuge tube that contained bacteria with viruses?

A)The bacteria were in the pellet,and they had incorporated radioactive proteins into their cell membranes.
B)The radioactive viruses (coats plus DNA)were in the pellet.
C)The bacteria were in the pellet,and many contained the radioactive viral DNA.
D)The radioactive protein coats of the viruses were in the pellet.
E)The radioactive viruses were in the pellet,and the bacteria were in the supernatant.

Question 9

Briefly define transformation and describe the relationship between the phenomenon of transformation and the discovery that DNA is the genetic material in bacteria.

Question 10

Describe four major functions of DNA in a cell.

Question 11

What was the Avery et al.'s (1944)contribution to the understanding of molecular biology?

Question 12

Which of the following clusters of terms accurately describes DNA as it is generally viewed to exist in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A)double-stranded,parallel,(A + T)/C + G)= variable,(A + G)/(C + T)= 1.0
B)double-stranded,antiparallel,(A + T)/C + G)= variable,(A + G)/(C+ T)= 1.0
C)single-stranded,antiparallel,(A + T)/C + G)= 1.0,(A + G)/(C + T)= 1.0
D)double-stranded,parallel,(A + T)/C + G)= 1.0,(A + G)/(C + T)= 1.0
E)double-stranded,antiparallel,(A + T)/C + G)= variable,(A + G)/(C + T)= variable

Question 13

Present an overview of two classical experiments that demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material.Can RNA be the genetic material? Explain.

Question 14

Considering the structure of double-stranded DNA,which kind(s)of bonds hold one complementary strand to the other?

A)ionic
B)covalent
C)van der Waals
D)hydrogen
E)hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Question 15

The classic Hershey and Chase (1952)experiment that offered evidence in support of DNA being the genetic material in bacteriophages made use of which of the following labeled component(s)?

A)phosphorus and sulfur
B)nitrogen and oxygen
C)tritium
D)hydrogen
E)None of the answers listed is correct.

Question 16

What are the two major components of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus?

A)RNA and DNA
B)DNA and protein
C)RNA and protein
D)lipids and nucleic acids
E)carbohydrates and nucleic acids

Question 17

The basic structure of a nucleotide includes ________.

A)amino acids
B)tryptophan and leucine
C)base,sugar,and phosphate
D)mRNA,rRNA,and tRNA
E)phosphorus and sulfur

Question 18

Regarding the structure of DNA,the covalently arranged combination of a deoxyribose and a nitrogenous base would be called a(n)________.

A)nucleotide
B)ribonucleotide
C)monophospate nucleoside
D)oligonucleotide
E)nucleoside

Question 19

In an analysis of the nucleotide composition of double-stranded DNA to see which bases are equivalent in concentration,which of the following would be True?

A)A = C
B)A = G and C = T
C)A + C = G + T
D)A + T = G + C
E)A = G and C = T and A + C = G + T are both True.

Question 20

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme found in association with retroviral activity.It has the property of ________.

A)synthesis of DNA from an RNA template
B)synthesis of RNA from a DNA template
C)requiring no template
D)translation
E)most lysozymes

Question 21

What is the name of the precursor molecule used in nucleic acid synthesis?

Question 22

What is meant by the term antiparallel?

Question 23

Assume that the molar percentage of thymine in a double-stranded DNA is 20.What are the percentages of the four bases (G,C,T,A)? If the DNA is single-stranded,would you change your answer?

Question 24

During the polymerization of nucleic acids,covalent bonds are formed between neighboring nucleotides.Which carbons are involved in such bonds?

Question 25

Is the accompanying figure DNA or RNA? Is the circle closer to the 5' or 3' end?

Question 26

When and in which journal did Watson and Crick publish their now-famous paper entitled "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid."

Question 27

All other factors being equal,the renaturation of the three classes of complementary nucleic acid sequences occurs in what order,from fastest to slowest?

Question 28

At what approximate wavelengths do DNA,RNA,and proteins maximally absorb light?

Question 29

What is the difference between a polynucleotide and an oligonucleotide?

Question 30

What does it mean to say that double-stranded nucleic acids are antiparallel?

Question 31

The base content of a sample of DNA is as follows: A = 31%,G = 31%,T = 19%,C = 19%.What conclusion can be drawn from this information?

Question 32

Is the accompanying figure DNA or RNA? Is the circle closer to the 5' or 3' end?

Question 33

Consider the structure of double-stranded DNA.When DNA is placed into distilled water,it denatures; however,by adding NaCl,the DNA renatures.Why?

Question 34

(a)Assume that A + T/G + C equals 0.5 in one strand of DNA.What is the ratio of these bases in the complementary strand? (b)If A + G/T + C equals 0.5 in one strand,what is the ratio of these bases in the complementary strand?

Question 35

Name the pyrimidines and the purines in DNA.

Question 36

List three forms of DNA.

Question 37

If the GC content of a DNA molecule is 60%,what are the molar percentages of the four bases (G,C,T,A)?

Question 38

Provide an overview of the structure of Z-DNA.

Question 39

Suppose that the dinucleotide in the accompanying figure were cleaved with the enzyme spleen diesterase,which breaks the covalent bond connecting the phosphate to C-5'.After such cleavage,to which nucleoside is the phosphate now attached?

Question 40

List two major differences between RNA and DNA at the level of the nucleotide.

Question 41

Explain how and why the following circumstances influence characteristics of temperature-induced DNA melting:
percentage of GC base pairs
urea (forms hydrogen bonds with bases)
sodium chloride (neutralizes negatively charged phosphates)

Question 42

In ribose,the 2' C has an OH attached to it.

Question 43

In RNA,uracil is present instead of the thymine in DNA.

Question 44

Hershey and Chase used labeled DNA and protein to determine that DNA is the genetic material in bacteria.

Question 45

When considering the structure of DNA,we would say that complementary strands are antiparallel.

Question 46

The transforming principle discovered by Griffith is RNA.

Question 47

DNA has no sulfur,and proteins have no phosphorus.

Question 48

Deoxyribonuclease is an enzyme that adds 3'-hydroxyl groups to RNA.

Question 49

Avery et al.(1944)determined that DNA is the genetic material in T2 bacteriophage.

Question 50

In 1953,Watson and Crick published a paper that described the structure of DNA.

Question 51

G and C are present in both DNA and RNA.