Deck 14: Periodic Patterns in the Main-Group Elements

Question 1

The halogens act as oxidizing agents in most of their reactions.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Elements of group 1A have higher melting and boiling points than those of group 2A.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Salts of group 1A metals are generally more soluble than those of group 2A metals.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Ozone is both a pollutant and a natural component of the atmosphere.

Question 5

In the gas phase, AlCl₃ exists as molecules of Al₂Cl₆.

Question 6

Neon does not form any known compounds.

Question 7

Carbon monoxide's toxicity is related to its ability to bond to iron in hemoglobin.

Question 8

Sulfur hexafluoride is a pollutant responsible for acid rain.

Question 9

In gaseous BeCl₂, Be does not obey the octet rule; in solid BeCl₂ it does.

Question 10

Phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) is a strong acid.

Question 11

The acidity of oxides of main group elements increases across a period from left to right.

Question 12

Potassium nitrate is a strong reducing agent.

Question 13

Ionic hydrides do not have exact (stoichiometric) formulas.

Question 14

Group 1A elements are less reactive than group 2A elements.

Question 15

The Haber process is the first step in the manufacture of sulfuric acid.

Question 16

Oxygen gas (O₂) is paramagnetic, but ozone (O₃) is diamagnetic.

Question 17

The acidity of oxides of main group elements increases down a group, from top to bottom.

Question 18

Oxides of group 1A (1) and 2A (2) elements are strongly acidic.

Question 19

Potassium is a strong reducing agent.

Question 20

Sulfuric acid is produced when sulfur dioxide dissolves in water.

Question 21

Which of the following oxides will give the most acidic solution when dissolved in water?

A)MgO
B)Al ₂O ₃
C)Cl ₂O
D)SrO
E)H ₂O ₂

Question 22

Which of the following will have the highest boiling point?

A)O ₂
B)Cl ₂
C)Br ₂
D)I ₂
E)Xe

Question 23

Which of the following atoms has the smallest volume?

A)Ba
B)Cs
C)Sr
D)Rb
E)I

Question 24

Hydrogen forms metallic (interstitial) hydrides with the d and f transition elements. Which of the following statements is correct?

A)These substances have distinct stoichiometric formulas like ionic hydrides.
B)Hydrogen forms bonds with the metals by donating its electron to the valence band of the metal.
C)Hydrogen molecules and atoms occupy holes within the crystal structure of the metal.
D)These substances are useful catalysts.
E)These hydrides are stabilized by hydrogen bonding forces.

Question 25

The smallest ionization energies are found in the __________ __________ region of the periodic table.

A)upper right
B)upper left
C)lower right
D)lower left
E)transition element ( d-block)

Question 26

Although the periodic table is organized according to the atomic numbers of the elements, chemists are more interested in the arrangement of the electrons for their studies. Which of the following statements about the electron configurations and their quantum numbers is correct?

A)The size of an atom is associated with the angular momentum quantum number.
B)The valence electrons of atoms in a particular group have the same principal and angular momentum quantum numbers.
C)The valence electrons of atoms in a particular group have the same angular momentum quantum number but have different principal quantum numbers.
D)Quantum numbers for the electrons tell us little about the relative energies of the electrons.
E)None of these choices are correct.

Question 27

What are the products of the reaction of potassium hydride and water? KH(s) + H₂O(l) →

A)K( s)+ H ₂( g)+ OH ⁻( aq)
B)K( s)+ H ₂( g)+ O ₂( g)
C)KOH( s)+ O ₂( g)
D)K ⁺( aq)+ H ₂( g)+ O ₂( g)
E)K ⁺( aq)+ H ₂( g)+ OH ⁻( aq)

Question 28

Which one of the following elements is likely to exhibit the most violent and rapid reaction with water?

A)Na
B)Rb
C)Mg
D)Sr
E)Cl ₂

Question 29

Bromine will form compounds with each of the other elements in Period 4 of the periodic table. How does the type of bonding in the compounds change as one moves from potassium bromide to selenium bromide?

A)Ionic to polar covalent
B)Polar covalent to ionic
C)Polar covalent to non-polar covalent
D)Coordinate covalent to polar covalent
E)None of these choices are correct.

Question 30

What are the products of the following reaction of strontium hydride and water? SrH₂(s) + H₂O(l) →

A)Sr ²⁺( aq)+ H ₂( g)+ O ₂( g)
B)Sr ²⁺( aq)+ H ₂( g)+ OH ⁻( aq)
C)Sr( s)+ H ₂( g)+ OH ⁻( aq)
D)Sr( s)+ H ₃O ⁺( aq)
E)None of these choices are correct.

Question 31

Which of the following pairs of elements will form the longest single bond?

A)C, F
B)C, N
C)C, S
D)C, O
E)C, H

Question 32

Which of the following statements about the effective nuclear charge, Z_eff, is correct?

A)Z _eff increases with the size of the atom.
B)Z _eff decreases across a period and increases down a group.
C)Z _eff increases across a period and is relatively constant down a group.
D)Z _eff increases as the value of the principal quantum number increases.
E)Z _eff is greater for hydrogen than for any other element.

Question 33

Which of the following ions and atoms has the greatest radius?

A)Se ²⁻
B)Br ⁻
C)Rb ⁺
D)Sr ²⁺
E)Kr

Question 34

Which of the following oxides will give the most basic solution when dissolved in water?

A)SO ₂
B)CO ₂
C)K ₂O
D)P ₄O ₁₀
E)SO ₃

Question 35

Select the element with the highest first ionization energy.

A)Mg
B)Ca
C)Ba
D)Ra
E)K

Question 36

Select the element with the lowest first ionization energy.

A)Se
B)S
C)Sn
D)Sr
E)H

Question 37

Which of the following pure substances will not participate in hydrogen bonding?

A)CH ₃NH ₂
B)CH ₃CH ₂OCH ₂CH ₃
C)CH ₃CH ₂OH
D)HF
E)H ₂O ₂

Question 38

The largest electronegativities are found in the __________ __________ region of the periodic table.

A)upper left
B)upper right
C)lower left
D)lower right
E)transition element ( d-block)

Question 39

The atomic radius of sodium is 186 pm and of chlorine is 100 pm. The ionic radius for Na⁺ is 102 pm and for Cl⁻ is 181 pm. In going from Na to Cl in Period 3, why does the atomic radius decrease while the ionic radius increases?

A)The inner electrons in the sodium cation shield its valence electrons more effectively than the inner electrons in the chloride anion do.
B)The inner electrons shield the valence electrons more effectively in the chlorine atom than in the chloride anion.
C)The outermost electrons in chloride experience a smaller effective nuclear charge than those in the sodium cation do.
D)The outermost electrons in chloride experience a larger effective nuclear charge than those in the sodium cation do.
E)Monatomic ions are bigger than the atoms from which they are formed.

Question 40

Which of the following elements has the lowest electronegativity?

A)Al
B)S
C)Mg
D)In
E)Ba

Question 41

Predict the products for the reaction of the following set of reactants. BaO(s) + CO₂(g) →

A)BaCO ₃( s)
B)Ba( s)+ CO( g)+ O ₂( g)
C)BaO ₂( s)+ CO( g)
D)Ba ₂CO ₃( s)
E)BaC ₂( s)+ O ₂( g)

Question 42

Unlike the remainder of the Group 1A(1) elements, lithium forms many salts that have some covalent bond character. What is a reason for this behavior?

A)The high first ionization energy of lithium makes sharing the electron easier than transferring it.
B)The high charge density on the lithium cation deforms nearby polarizable electron clouds.
C)The atomic radius of lithium enables it to share its valence electron effectively.
D)Since lithium has only 1 electron in its 2s orbital, it can accept an electron from another element.
E)Lithium's electronegativity is more like that of a non-metal than a metal.

Question 43

Which element forms compounds, e.g., Teflon, which are used as coatings for other substances?

A)Boron
B)Beryllium
C)Fluorine
D)Nitrogen
E)Sodium

Question 44

Predict the products for the reaction of the following set of reactants. MgCO₃(s) + heat →

A)Mg( s)+ CO( g)
B)Mg( s)+ CO ₂( g)
C)MgO( s)+ CO( g)
D)MgO( s)+ CO ₂( g)
E)no reaction

Question 45

Which of the following bonds should have the greatest ionic character?

A)O-F
B)N-F
C)C-F
D)B-F
E)Cl-F

Question 46

Most of the alkali metal salts are soluble in water while many alkaline earth salts have very low solubilities. Why is this so?

A)The alkali metal cations are smaller than the alkaline earth cations and are more easily hydrated.
B)The alkali metals have lower ionization energies than alkaline earth elements.
C)The alkaline earth salts have much greater lattice energies than the alkali metal salts.
D)The alkaline earth metals have greater heats of atomization than the alkali metals.
E)Alkaline earth cations have very low heats of hydration.

Question 47

In which of the following ways is lithium different from the other alkali metals?

A)Its salts are much more soluble in water than those of the other alkali metals.
B)It has an unusually high density.
C)It forms molecular compounds with the hydrocarbon groups of organic halides.
D)Its ionization energy is lower than expected.
E)It does not react with water at room temperature.

Question 48

Predict the products for the following set of reactants. Li(s) + H₂O(l) →

A)Li ⁺( aq)+ H ₂( g)+ O ₂( g)
B)Li ⁺( aq)+ H ₂( g)+ OH ⁻( aq)
C)LiH( s)+ O ₂( g)
D)Li ⁺( aq)+ H ₂O ₂( aq)
E)LiOH( aq)+ H ₂O ₂( aq)

Question 49

Which of the following substances is produced when lithium metal reacts with oxygen gas?

A)Hydrogen gas
B)Lithium peroxide
C)An acidic oxide
D)A basic oxide
E)Lithium hydroxide

Question 50

Which one of the following trends occurs as one moves down the group 1A (1) elements from Li to Cs?

A)Metallic character decreases
B)Electronegativity increases
C)Melting point increases
D)First ionization energy increases
E)Chemical reactivity increases

Question 51

Which element forms compounds that are involved in smog and acid rain?

A)Carbon
B)Fluorine
C)Chlorine
D)Boron
E)Nitrogen

Question 52

Predict the product(s) for the reaction of the following set of reactants. Ca(s) + H₂(g) →

A)CaH( s)
B)CaH ₂( s)
C)Ca ₂H ₃( s)
D)Ca ₃H ₂( s)
E)None of these choices are correct.

Question 53

Predict the products for the following set of reactants. Li(s) + CH₃Cl(g) →

A)CH ₃CH ₃( g)+ LiCl( s)
B)CH ₄( g)+ LiCl( s)
C)CH ₃Li( s)+ LiCl( s)
D)CH ₃Li( s)+ Cl ₂( g)
E)CH ₂Li( s)+ HCl( g)

Question 54

The elements from Groups 1A(1) and 2A(2) are

A)strong acids.
B)strong bases.
C)amphoteric.
D)strong oxidizing agents.
E)strong reducing agents.

Question 55

Predict the products for the following set of reactants. K₂O(s) + H₂O(l) →

A)K ⁺( aq)+ OH ⁻( aq)+ H ₂( g)
B)K ⁺( aq)+ OH ⁻( aq)
C)K ⁺( aq)+ H ₂( g)+ O ₂( g)
D)KH( s)+ O ₂( g)
E)K ⁺( aq)+ OH ⁻( aq)+ H ₂O ₂( aq)

Question 56

Predict the products for the reaction of the following set of reactants. Sr(s) + H₂O(l) →

A)SrO( s)+ H ₂( g)
B)Sr ²⁺( aq)+ H ₂( g)+ O ₂( g)
C)Sr ²⁺( aq)+ H ₃O ⁺( aq)
D)Sr(OH)₂( s)+ H ₂( g)
E)SrH ₂( s)+ O ₂( g)

Question 57

Predict the products for the reaction of the following set of reactants. Mg(s) + Cl₂(g) →

A)MgCl( s)
B)MgCl ₂( s)
C)MgCl( l)
D)MgCl ₂( l)
E)MgCl ₂( aq)

Question 58

Predict the products for the reaction of the following set of reactants. CaO(s) + H₂O(l) →

A)Ca ²⁺( aq)+ OH ⁻( aq)+ H ₂( g)
B)Ca ²⁺( aq)+ H ₂( g)+ O ₂( g)
C)Ca ²⁺( aq)+ H ₃O ⁺( aq)
D)Ca(OH)₂( s)
E)CaH ₂( s)+ O ₂( g)

Question 59

Thallium can form two oxides, Tl₂O and Tl₂O₃. Which will be the more basic substance?

A)Tl ₂O
B)Tl ₂O ₃
C)They have the same strength as bases.
D)Neither compound has any acidic or basic properties.
E)More information is needed to make an accurate prediction.

Question 60

Which of the alkali metals has the highest melting point?

A)Li
B)Na
C)K
D)Rb
E)Cs

Question 61

The basic character of the binary oxides X_mO_n

A)is greatest when X has a low atomic number.
B)is greatest when X is a nonmetal.
C)increases as the oxidation number of X increases.
D)increases as the oxidation number of X decreases.
E)is unaffected by the oxidation number of X.

Question 62

Certain Period 2 elements exhibit behaviors similar to Period 3 elements immediately below and to the right. One of the interesting diagonal relationships occurs between boron and silicon. Which of the following is one of their similarities?

A)Both exhibit electrical properties of a conductor.
B)The oxoanions of both elements occur in extended ionic networks.
C)Both elements form compounds (boranes and silanes)that are good oxidizing agents.
D)Boric acid and silicic acid occur in layers with widespread hydrogen bonding.
E)Both elements are unusually soft solids.

Question 63

The polymers containing silicon differ from polymers of carbon in which of the following ways?

A)Silicon-based polymers are larger molecules than carbon-based polymers.
B)Silicon-based polymers generally have a repeating silicon-oxygen link while carbon-based polymers can have carbon-carbon links.
C)Silicon-based polymers generally have inorganic elements attached to the chain while carbon-based polymers generally have organic groups attached.
D)Silicon-based polymers tend to be rigid while carbon-based polymers are generally flexible.
E)Silicon forms stronger bonds than carbon.

Question 64

Certain Period 2 elements exhibit behaviors similar to Period 3 elements immediately below and to the right. One of these interesting diagonal relationships occurs between lithium and magnesium. Which of the following is one of their similarities?

A)They both form insoluble carbonate salts.
B)Both elements are important in treating manic-depression.
C)Their first ionization energies are almost equal.
D)Their densities are very similar.
E)They both form organic compounds with polar covalent bonds from the metal to hydrocarbon group.

Question 65

Boron has 3 valence electrons. Which of the following processes is involved in boron's achieving a complete outer shell?

A)Formation of a B ³⁺ cation
B)Formation of bridge bonds
C)Formation of π -bonds using its d-orbitals
D)Formation of π -bonds using sp ³-orbitals
E)None of these choices are correct.

Question 66

When elements from a group exhibit more than one oxidation state,

A)the higher oxidation state is more important as one goes down a group.
B)the lower oxidation state is more important as one goes down a group.
C)both oxidation states are equally important throughout the group.
D)the oxidation state will be affected by the elements on either side of it in the period.
E)None of these choices are correct.

Question 67

Which of the following elements exists in allotropic forms?

A)Silicon
B)Germanium
C)Tin
D)Lead
E)Xenon

Question 68

Which of the following oxides will be the most acidic?

A)Al ₂O ₃
B)Ga ₂O ₃
C)In ₂O ₃
D)Tl ₂O ₃
E)None of these oxides is acidic.

Question 69

According to the phase diagram of carbon, what pressure and temperature conditions, if any, are needed in order for diamond to be the stable phase?

A)Low pressure, low temperature
B)Low pressure, high temperature
C)High pressure, low temperature
D)High pressure, high temperature
E)Actually, diamond is not stable under any conditions.

Question 70

Which of the following hydroxides will be the most basic?

A)B(OH)₃
B)Al(OH)₃
C)Ga(OH)₃
D)In(OH)₃
E)TlOH

Question 71

Which of the following would you predict to have the greatest thermal stability?

A)AsAt ₃
B)AsI ₃
C)AsBr ₃
D)AsCl ₃
E)AsF ₃

Question 72

Predict the products for the following set of reactants. PCl₃(l) + H₂O(l) →

A)H ₃PO ₃( aq)+ HCl( aq)
B)H ₃PO ₄( aq)+ Cl ₂( g)
C)PH ₃( g)+ HCl( aq)+ O ₂( g)
D)P ₂O ₅( s)+ HCl( aq)
E)PCl ₅( l)+ PH ₃( g)+ O ₂( g)

Question 73

The most basic oxides contain elements from the __________ __________ region of the periodic table.

A)upper right
B)upper left
C)lower right
D)lower left
E)transition element ( d-block)

Question 74

Certain Period 2 elements exhibit behaviors similar to Period 3 elements immediately below and to the right. One of these interesting diagonal relationships occurs between beryllium and aluminum. Which of the following is one of their differences?

A)Some aluminum compounds and all beryllium compounds show significant covalent character in the gas phase.
B)Beryllium forms bridge bonds in its hydrides while aluminum does not.
C)Both form oxides that are impervious to reaction with water.
D)The cations for both strongly polarize nearby electron clouds.
E)Beryllium occurs in nature as the uncombined element, whereas aluminum does not.

Question 75

Which of the following oxides is most basic?

A)As ₂O ₃
B)P ₄O ₁₀
C)Sb ₂O ₃
D)Sb ₂O ₅
E)NO ₂

Question 76

Predict the products for the reaction of the following set of reactants. (CH₃)₃Ga(g) + AsH₃(g) →

A)(CH ₃)₃As( g)+ GaH ₃( g)
B)CH ₄( g)+ GaAs( s)
C)CH ₃CH ₃( g)+ GaAs( s)
D)CH ₄( g)+ H ₂GaAs( s)
E)CH ₃H( g)+ GaAs( s)

Question 77

One important feature of the chemistry of carbon is

A)its large radius that allows other atoms to fit easily around it.
B)its low electronegativity that allows it to ionize easily.
C)its amphoteric behavior.
D)its ability to form multiple bonds with hydrogen.
E)its ability to catenate.

Question 78

Which of the following pairs of elements exhibit similar physical and chemical behaviors ("diagonal relationships")?

A)H and Be
B)Na and Be
C)Be and Al
D)B and Mg
E)Li and Al

Question 79

Silicon halides have stronger bonds than corresponding carbon halides. Which of the following is a possible explanation of this phenomenon?

A)The larger silicon atoms permit better overlap of its atomic orbitals with those of the halogens than the smaller carbons atoms do.
B)The large electronegativity difference between silicon and the halogens makes their bonds stronger than those of carbon.
C)Silicon has the ability to form a partial double bond with a halogen through the overlap of its d-orbital with a p-orbital of the halogen.
D)Silicon has a larger effective nuclear charge than carbon which allows it to bond more strongly to the more negative halogens than carbon.
E)Carbon-halogen bonds are unusually weak.

Question 80

Predict the products for the following set of reactants. Ca₃As₂(s) + H₂O(l) →

A)As ³⁺( aq)+ Ca(OH)₂( aq)
B)As(OH)₃( s)+ Ca ²⁺( aq)+ H ₂( g)
C)As(OH)₃( s)+ Ca(OH)₂( aq)
D)AsH ₃( g)+ Ca(OH)₂( aq)
E)CaH ₂( aq)+ As ₂O ₃( aq)