Question 1

Classical conditioning is attributed to&#10;A) Bandura&#10;B) Skinner&#10;C) Pavlov&#10;D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is a learning process first discovered by Ivan Pavlov in the late 19th century. Bandura and Skinner are associated with other types of learning, such as social learning theory and operant conditioning, respectively.

Question 2

&#34;Constraints&#34; on learning refer to the finding that&#10;A) organisms are constrained by stimuli and reinforcement&#10;B) organisms are constrained by reflexive responses&#10;C) in classical conditioning, animals are less free than in operant conditioning&#10;D) organisms learn some things more readily than others

Accepted Answer

Constraints on learning refers to the phenomenon where organisms are prone to learn certain things more easily than others. This could be due to genetic predisposition, evolved learning mechanisms or other factors influencing the learning process. Thus, option D is the correct choice as it captures the idea that some things are learned more easily than others. Option A is incorrect as it implies that external stimuli and reinforcement lead to constraints, whereas the concept of constraints applies to internal factors that influence learning. Option B is too narrow, as it only refers to reflexes, while constraints on learning are a broader phenomenon. Option C is not accurate since the notion of classical conditioning being less free than operant conditioning is ambiguous and not supported by scientific evidence.

Question 3

Since the 1960s, strict Skinnerian theory has lost much popularity because psychologists have become increasingly interested in&#10;A) cognitive events&#10;B) drive theories of motivation&#10;C) classical conditioning of emotions&#10;D) psychoanalytic theory

Accepted Answer

Since the 1960s, there has been a shift away from strict Skinnerian behaviorism and an increased focus on cognitive processes in psychology. This has led to the emergence of cognitive-behavioral theories, which recognize the role of both external stimuli and internal mental processes in shaping behavior.

Question 4

Responses that are intermittently rather than continuously reinforced are&#10;A) less likely to generalize&#10;B) less subject to negative reinforcement&#10;C) more difficult to extinguish&#10;D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

Intermittent reinforcement makes behaviors more resistant to extinction because the unpredictability of the reward schedule strengthens the behavior.

Question 5

J. B. Watson&#10;A) applied classical conditioning to child development&#10;B) said there are no innate emotions&#10;C) provided new insights into the role of discriminative stimuli&#10;D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

Watson is known for applying classical conditioning to child development, particularly through his famous Little Albert experiment.

Question 6

Shaping&#10;A) is associated with the work of Skinner&#10;B) is also known as the &#34;method of approximations&#34;&#10;C) can teach skills little by little&#10;D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

Shaping is a behavior modification technique associated with the work of Skinner that involves teaching skills little by little through the method of approximations. Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

Question 7

In light of problems posed by the concept of drive, Premack, one of Skinner's followers, proposes we consider reinforcement&#10;A) in terms of the length of extinction&#10;B) in terms of the power of discriminative stimuli&#10;C) as ratios between positive and negative reinforcement&#10;D) as the momentary probability of a response

Accepted Answer

Premack proposed that reinforcement should be considered as the momentary probability of a response, rather than being based on the concept of drive. This means that the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future is influenced by the occurrence of positive reinforcement in the moment. This perspective moves away from the idea that reinforcement is solely motivated by a drive-reduction theory and considers the immediate consequences of behavior.

Question 8

In Skinner's view, punishment&#10;A) can also be called negative reinforcement&#10;B) often produces unwanted side effects&#10;C) is an effective way to eliminate attention-getting behavior&#10;D) is rare in the modern world

Accepted Answer

Skinner believed that punishment often produces unwanted side effects, such as fear, anger, and even aggression, and may not actually teach the person the desired behavior. Therefore, he advocated for the use of positive reinforcement instead. None of the other options are consistent with Skinner's view on punishment.

Question 9

According to the text, the most basic difference between Skinner and the developmentalists has to do with&#10;A) the issue of stages&#10;B) the source of developmental change-inner or outer&#10;C) the continuity-discontinuity issue&#10;D) the importance of emotions in the developmental process

Accepted Answer

Skinner, a behaviorist, emphasized external factors (environmental influences) as the source of developmental changes, whereas developmentalists often focus on internal processes (such as cognitive or biological maturation).

Question 10

Skinner argued that internal events such as thoughts&#10;A) have no place in behaviorism&#10;B) should only be studied if they can be observed and measured&#10;C) are less important than Pavlov said they are&#10;D) are less important than Watson said they are

Accepted Answer

Skinner believed that internal events such as thoughts and emotions should only be studied if they can be observed and measured. This is because behaviorism focuses on observable and measurable behaviors, rather than hypothetical internal processes.

Question 11

A basic principle of operant conditioning is that&#10;A) the CS is the most powerful variable&#10;B) irradiation occurs&#10;C) behavior is governed by its consequences&#10;D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of A basic principle of operant conditioning is...

Question 12

In operant conditioning&#10;A) the initial stimuli are always known&#10;B) the organism is often strapped to ensure reliable behavior&#10;C) a key measure of conditioning is the rate of response&#10;D) delayed reinforcement is highly effective

Accepted Answer

The answer of In operant conditioning&#10;A) the initial stimuli are...

Question 13

The text indicates how Skinner discussed emotions as the effects of&#10;A) reinforcement schedules&#10;B) shaping&#10;C) discriminative stimuli&#10;D) behavior chains

Accepted Answer

The answer of The text indicates how Skinner discussed emotions...

Question 14

Skinner's programmed instruction seemed to agree with Montessori's belief in&#10;A) sensitive periods&#10;B) an innate language mechanism&#10;C) the use of sensory materials&#10;D) making learning a positive experience

Accepted Answer

The answer of Skinner's programmed instruction seemed to agree with...

Question 15

Classical conditioning deals with&#10;A) the pairing of stimuli that precede responses&#10;B) conditioning of reflexes and innate behavior&#10;C) extinction&#10;D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Classical conditioning deals with&#10;A) the pairing of...

Question 16

Shaping&#10;A) is technically similar to negative reinforcement&#10;B) is a method of small steps&#10;C) is the method for getting the organism &#34;in shape&#34; for the experiment&#10;D) is a form of punishment

Accepted Answer

The answer of Shaping&#10;A) is technically similar to negative reinforcement&#10;B)...

Question 17

Skinner's attitude toward the theory of natural selection seemed basically&#10;A) positive&#10;B) negative&#10;C) mixed&#10;D) unclear

Accepted Answer

The answer of Skinner's attitude toward the theory of natural...

Deck 8: Learning Theory: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner