Deck 24: Nationalism, Revolution, and Dictatorship: Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America From 1919 to 1939

Question 1

Mustafa Kemal attempted to transform Turkey into a/an

A) communist utopia.
B) technocratic oligarchy.
C) Islamic theocracy.
D) secular monarchy.
E) modern secular republic.

Answer 1

communist utopia.

Question 2

The Hindu-dominated nationalist group that was formed in India in 1885 was the

A) Muslim League.
B) New Party.
C) PKI.
D) Bombay Party.
E) Indian National Congress.

Answer 2

Indian National Congress.

Question 3

The two goals that anti-imperialist nationalists were forced to choose between were

A) ethnic purity or assimilation.
B) religion or philosophy.
C) urban or rural lifestyles.
D) gender or political equality.
E) modernization or independence.

Answer 3

modernization or independence.

Question 4

The Young Turks failed to succeed in their reforms

A) due to bad timing with minority unrest in the Balkans and the desire of ethnic Turks for a Turkish state.
B) due to infighting and a lack of purpose as the result of being a combination of so many different reform efforts..
C) based on their enthusiastic embrace of Western ideals that were unpopular in Turkey at the time.
D) when Western military efforts intervened and prevented them from taking power.
E) from a combined lack of political awareness and an insufficient fighting force.

Question 5

After World War I

A) Yemen was the dominant state on the Arabian peninsula.
B) Ibn Saud established the kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
C) Standard Oil found oil at Tehran.
D) Aramco created an American monopoly of Turkish oil extraction in 1937.
E) the British tried to create a exclusively Jewish state in Palestine.

Question 6

According to the Balfour Declaration,

A) Britain would recognize the independence of all Arab states.
B) Palestine would be divided equally between Muslims and Jews.
C) all Muslims were to leave Palestine.
D) a Jewish homeland was to be founded in Palestine.
E) all Jews were prohibited from entering Palestine.

Question 7

Under Shah Reza Khan

A) the French were maneuvered into countering pressure from Britain and Germany.
B) the bureaucracies of Iran's government, both civilian and military, were modernized.
C) no progress was made in modernizing the economic infrastructure of the country.
D) the authority of Islamic religious beliefs was destroyed in Iran.
E) foreign influence in Iran was eliminated.

Question 8

In appraising the work of Mustapha Kemal Ataturk Atatürk, one can say that

A) he finally succeeded in unifying Persian society.
B) he maintained a strict Islamic consistency in all aspects of Turkish life.
C) he created a secular Turkish state that embraced many of aspects of a modern Western nation.
D) no real change from the traditional Ottoman ways ever occurred under his rule.
E) he retained the Islamic practices that his Ottoman predecessors had adhered to for centuries.

Question 9

Many nationalists in European colonies found themselves engulfed in personal turmoil because they

A) had more in common with colonial rulers than the rural population.
B) had no knowledge of the local traditions and wanted to preserve them.
C) wanted to accept all Western culture but not at the expense of the indigenous population.
D) totally rejected any efforts at modernization although their education had taught them the importance of modernization
E) were completely undecided about which path to pursue.

Question 10

Nationalist movements

A) all began as traditionalist, religiously based movements.
B) were called "tongs" in China.
C) were usually led by people with extensive knowledge of Western ideas and values.
D) did not begin in Southeast Asia until the 1930s.
E) usually started among elite foreign students on European holiday.

Question 11

Most of the early Iranian oil profits went into the hands of

A) the Standard Oil Company.
B) the Shah.
C) French investors.
D) British investors.
E) the Russian government.

Question 12

In 1885 a group of Indian political activists formed the

A) Indian Communist Party.
B) Indian National Congress.
C) Muslim League.
D) Indian Liberal Organization.
E) British Out Association.

Question 13

In 1908, the Young Turks

A) forced the sultan to restore the constitution.
B) took power in parts of Turkey.
C) initiated a bombing campaign.
D) declared independence from the Ottoman Empire.
E) were exiled to Algeria.

Question 14

Prior to seizing power in Iran, Reza Khan was a/an

A) aristocratic land owner.
B) business man.
C) army officer.
D) poor peasant.
E) Muslim cleric.

Question 15

The most vocal source of anticolonial sentiment in Asia and Africa in the late nineteenth century was

A) the urban poor.
B) landowning elites.
C) rank and file soldiers.
D) the rural poor.
E) the urban middle class.

Question 16

Gandhi used the spinning wheel as a symbol of his protest against

A) British religious policies.
B) textile imports from Britain.
C) import duties against wheels of all types.
D) discrimination against Indian women.
E) rickshaw requirements.

Question 17

Indian nationalism

A) was initially founded by people who were educated, socially elite urbanites.
B) was sharply divided, Muslim against Buddhist, from the beginning.
C) had an articulate peasant, Sutan Sjahrir, as its first prominent leader.
D) had no organization until the arrival of Gandhi in 1931.
E) was fomented by peasants dissatisfied with the Punjab.

Question 18

The term Mahatma means

A) Commander.
B) Highly Intelligent One.
C) Great Soul.
D) Mighty Savior.
E) salt saver.

Question 19

Gandhi

A) was never imprisoned, in spite of his ongoing political activity.
B) wanted to convince the Pakistanis to leave and, at the same time, to enhance Indian unity.
C) used his march to the sea to try to convince Indians to ignore the increased British salt tax.
D) ultimately abandoned his non-violence tactics.
E) supported the British in World War II.

Question 20

Students in Burma protested the lack of respect for local religious traditions shown by the

A) British
B) Germans.
C) French.
D) Spanish.
E) Dutch.

Question 21

By the end of the 1920s, the Comintern

A) had been disbanded, after Wahhabi leaders had complained about its intrusion in Turkish domestic politics.
B) had influenced almost every colonial or semicolonial society in Asia.
C) had been most successful in Islamic-Marxist areas.
D) was absorbed into Aramco in 1933.
E) attempted to blend Marxism and the writing of Mao Zedong into its "Basic Revolution Precepts Catalog."

Question 22

During the 1920s

A) Sun Yat-sen brought his party back to prominence on the mainland by allying with the shogun of the southern province of Guangdong.
B) acting on Comintern advice, the CCP allied itself with the Nationalists in 1923.
C) Mao Zedong, a steel worker, became the military leader of the KMT-CCP alliance.
D) the Nanjing Republic was established by Mao Zedong.
E) China returned to the values of Confucius.

Question 23

Overall, revolutionary Marxism had its greatest impact outside of Europe in

A) India.
B) China.
C) Japan.
D) Mexico.
E) Brazil.

Question 24

The New Life Movement

A) came close to toppling the Chinese government.
B) was supported by leading members of the Chinese Communist Party.
C) rejected excessive individualism and materialism.
D) called for a series of Westernizing reforms.
E) vilified Confucian values.

Question 25

Mao Zedong, unlike most members of the CCP, felt that

A) the Chinese revolution must be based in the impoverished peasants in the countryside.
B) Marxism could not work within an agricultural setting.
C) an alliance with the Nationalist Party doomed them to failure.
D) China should form a military alliance with Russia to expel Japanese influence in China.
E) China should focus on spreading Communism throughout SE Asia, not just within China.

Question 26

During the New Culture era, radical reformists tended to see traditional culture as

A) the essence of China's true nature.
B) a Western invention.
C) quaint and largely inconsequential.
D) a tool of feudal oppression.
E) China's only hope for the future.

Question 27

The Brazilian ruling oligarchy made a mistake after World War I in ignoring the importance of _________.

A) land redistribution
B) communist influence
C) oil reserves
D) coffee production
E) wheat imports

Question 28

In 1929, Chiang Kai-shek founded a new Chinese republic at

A) Nanjing.
B) Beijing.
C) Shanghai.
D) Canton.
E) Xian.

Question 29

In an effort to find allies in a hostile world, Lenin

A) tried to develop temporary alliances with colonial nationalist movements in order to overthrow the imperialist colonial regimes.
B) used the Comintern to train espionage agents in German army training centers.
C) began making military alliances with the nations of Africa and Asia.
D) established the Comintern to stimulate international trade.
E) made investments in other countries through London and New York banks.

Question 30

To avoid eradication by Chiang's army, Mao led his PLA from South China to the North China town of Yan'an. This journey has come to be called the

A) Great Leap Forward.
B) Long March.
C) Northern March.
D) Northern Expedition.
E) Long Expedition.

Question 31

The New Culture Movement at Peking University

A) attempted to "Modernize China in Four Years."
B) advocated a return to the study of classical Confucian concepts.
C) rejected all Western thought.
D) advocated the study of science and democracy and "new" and largely Western ideas.
E) sought a balance between existential philosophy and Confucian values.

Question 32

In the Middle East during the interwar period,

A) a massive oil discovery at Dhahran in 1938 moved Saudi Arabia from being an area of chronic poverty to one of unexpected national affluence.
B) the achievement of the "Nile breakthrough" in electricity generation opened the possibility of almost cost-free electric power to much of the entire Middle East.
C) the award of a mandate to the World Zionist Congress by the League of Nations constituted the first step in creating a Jewish state in the eastern Mediterranean.
D) the Balfour Declaration was made null and void.
E) Lawrence of Arabia was made the first king of Saudi Arabia.

Question 33

What was the Bolsheviks primary instrument for spreading the message of Marxism beyond Europe?

A) The First International
B) The Second International
C) The Comintern
D) The Cheka
E) The Politburo

Question 34

By the mid-1930s

A) the Guomindang had driven the Japanese from Manchuria.
B) all vestiges of the Confucian past were gone from Chinese life.
C) a Confucian education was still considered to be vital, as seen in the restoration of the Civil Service Examinations.
D) Chinese urbanites had become much more Westernized in fashions and social practices, but most rural Chinese still clung to traditional ways.
E) women's rights had replaced filial piety as the driving social force in China.

Question 35

Lu Xun saw the Confucian family as a "____" system.

A) essential
B) god-killing
C) deranged
D) laudable
E) man-eating

Question 36

Lu Xun's "Diary of a Madman"

A) was the First Dadaist work to become a best-seller in Japan, China, and India.
B) attacked the negative aspects of the traditional Chinese family.
C) championed the cause of female equality.
D) portrayed women as "man-eaters."
E) was an absurdist and escapist comedy.

Question 37

The so-called "May Fourth Movement" was

A) a reaction by Chinese business leaders to the policies of Yuan Shikai.
B) the effort on the part of Sun Yat-sen to gain control of the Peking government.
C) demonstrations by Chinese students and others in opposition to the Japanese being awarded Germany's sphere of influence in Shandong province.
D) an effort by peasants to show support for the radical reform program of Yuan Shikai.
E) the first, unsuccessful attempt by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to stage a coup.

Question 38

Where did a famous alliance between communist and nationalist parties in the 1920s take place?

A) Burma
B) Syria
C) the Dutch East Indies
D) China
E) Vietnam

Question 39

The main focus of Chinese intellectuals' assault on the old system and values was the Confucian concept of

A) women.
B) the family.
C) the monarch.
D) intellectual life.
E) trade.

Question 40

Chiang's "New Life Movement" was an effort to

A) eradicate Confucianism from China.
B) blend Confucianism and Islam with Western capitalism.
C) use Daoism to strengthen his government.
D) promote Confucian social ethics, while simultaneously rejecting Western capitalist values of excessive greed and individualism.
E) develop a Chinese society that would promote materialistic Western capitalist values to make peasant laborers

Question 41

By the 1920s the United States

A) conducted no acts of military intervention in Latin America until after World War I.
B) was the major source of outside investment capital for Latin America since the 1820s.
C) was seen as an imperialist power by many Latin Americans, particularly because of the activities of the United Fruit Company in Central America.
D) began the "Good Neighbor" policy during World War I to reinforce its policy of "leading" Latin Americans toward "good business" and "good government."
E) turned its back entirely on Latin America, pursuing an Asian directed policy instead.

Question 42

Which of these changes was accomplished during the Taisho democracy?

A) All Japanese adults got the vote.
B) The old oligarchy was shattered for ever.
C) The emperor was made to step down from the throne.
D) Political conflict was reduced to very low levels.
E) All Japanese men got the vote.

Question 43

Latin American culture

A) reflected the region's ambivalent attitude toward Europe and the U.S.
B) adopted the "I novel" from Japan.
C) was not affected by nationalism before World War II.
D) generally refused to accept the mural art of Diego Rivera, especially in Mexico.
E) manifested a fascination with the career and ideas of Mohandas Gandhi.

Question 44

Which of these events brought Taisho democracy to an end?

A) The invasion of Manchuria
B) The Great Depression
C) Civil war in China
D) The defeat of the Central Powers in World War I
E) The U.S. Open Door policy

Question 45

The political changes in Japan in the 1930s reflected changes in

A) Asia as a whole.
B) Japan's demographics.
C) Japan's political institutions.
D) the composition and attitudes of Japan's ruling elite.
E) the Japanese constitution.

Question 46

Major political changes in Japan in the early twentieth century included the

A) the emergence of a single political party semi-dictatorship.
B) extension of voting rights to all women in 1926.
C) extension of voting rights to all men in 1925.
D) growth of labor unions on the political right and ultranationalist groups on the left.
E) the emperor's abdication, where it was discovered he was not truly divine.

Question 47

Which statement is accurate about Japan during the early decades of the twentieth century?

A) It practiced Shidehara diplomacy during the 1920s.
B) Its society was totally egalitarian in structure.
C) Its industrial capacity stagnated and then declined.
D) Its workforce was content with its working conditions.
E) Its farming population was economically affluent and all farmers owned their land.

Question 48

Getulio Vargas ruled ____ from 1930 to 1945.

A) Brazil
B) Mexico
C) Argentina
D) Peru
E) Chile

Question 49

The major exports produced by Latin America included

A) tea and ginseng from Venezuela.
B) bananas and cinchona from Brazil.
C) fish and oil from Chile.
D) beef and wheat from Argentina.
E) hemp and bananas from Bolivia.

Question 50

The United States firm that dominated the economies and governments in most Central American countries in the early 1900s was

A) Kennecott Copper.
B) the United Fruit Company.
C) General Mills.
D) the Dole Corporation.
E) Archer Daniels Midland.

Question 51

By the 1920s and 1930s, Japan

A) experienced a sharp economic decline between 1903 and 1930.
B) became less industrialized and steadily more conservative.
C) joined the United Nations as a result of the leadership of foreign minister Shidehara.
D) did not experience growing Marxist influence on organized labor.
E) was increasingly influenced by Marxists on the left and radical nationalism on the right.

Question 52

In Iran and Saudi Arabia, the discovery of what natural resource drastically changed relations with the West?

A) Oil
B) Gold
C) Coal
D) Natural gas
E) Silver

Question 53

Argentina's Radical Party

A) was led by Juan Peron.
B) sought to overthrow Hipolito Irigoyen..
C) was undermined by large landowners.
D) achieved very little.
E) was dedicated to the creation of a classless society.

Question 54

Governments in Latin America after 1920

A) were, although republican in structure, usually royalist in fact, and socialist in economic policies.
B) were peasant-controlled in Mexico and Brazil and dominated by socialists in Chile and Argentina.
C) became, as a whole, more openly democratic.
D) differed widely in policies, as Argentina moved toward middle-class representation and Mexican peasants gained from land reform under Cárdenas.
E) were mostly authoritarian dictatorships.

Question 55

Japanese interest in Western literature gave rise to a new genre called the

A) "They story."
B) "We poem."
C) "I novel."
D) "Us series."
E) "She lyric."

Question 56

During the Great Depression,

A) Latin American economies boomed, in contrast to those of the United States and Europe.
B) Latin America developed a mature regional economy, which exported large quantities of manufactured goods and imported most of its foodstuffs and raw materials.
C) revolutions occurred all over Latin America.
D) the pineapple industry finally became highly profitable as world demand for fruits rose.
E) domestic instability led to the creation of dictatorships.

Question 57

The Japanese term for the industrial and financial conglomerates that controlled much of the nation's industry was

A) autarkas.
B) kokutai.
C) genro.
D) zaibatsu.
E) modan boyu.

Question 58

Japanese zaibatsu

A) were at constant war with the government.
B) helped reduce economic inequality.
C) tended to support the expansion of democracy.
D) were in decline by the 1920s.
E) controlled much of the Japanese economy.

Question 59

President ____'s Good Neighbor policy renounced the use of U.S. military force in Latin America.

A) Warren Harding
B) Franklin Roosevelt
C) William McKinley
D) Woodrow Wilson
E) Theodore Roosevelt

Question 60

In Mexico

A) the fascistic PRI seized power in 1926
B) a thirty-year search for commercially successful oil fields ended in failure in 1935.
C) the Cárdenas government nationalized the foreign oil companies' holdings and provided millions of acres of land to landless peasants.
D) Diego Rivera invented the transistor in 1936.
E) a devastating famine killed one-quarter of the population between 1933 and 1936.

Question 61

Theodor Herzl was a leading advocate of the creation of a Jewish nation in Palestine.

Question 62

The Indian National Congress, formed in 1885, was a fair representation of the Indian population.

Question 63

Gandhi embraced the idea that India should industrialize as quickly as possible.

Question 64

The first expression of modern nationalism in Burma came from students protesting persecution of Buddhist religious practices.

Question 65

The Japanese government faced increasing pressure to find sources abroad that could support growing industries.

Question 66

Japanese industrial production went into a steep decline in the 1920s.

Question 67

Mustafa Kemal was an ardent supporter of Wahhabism.

Question 68

The Comintern, established in 1919, was dedicated to the advancement of a worldwide Marxist revolution.

Question 69

Jawaharlal Nehru provided a secular Indian independence movement as a complement to Gandhi's religious one.

Question 70

By the 1920s, the U.S. had replaced Great Britain as the foremost source of investment in Latin America.

Question 71

The New Culture Movement sought to revive the values and traditions of ancient China.

Question 72

In his reforms to modernize Turkey on the western model, Atatürk formally abolished the caliphate to bring Christianity to Turkey.

Question 73

The first stage of resistance to the West in Asia and Africa resulted in humiliation and failure.

Question 74

The first Indian nationalists were almost all upper class and educated.

Question 75

The Natinalists and Communists allied to drive the Soviets out of China.

Question 76

In 1928, Chiang Kai-shek established a new Chinese republic at Beijing and managed to reunify China.

Question 77

The Ottoman Empire allied with Germany during World War I.

Question 78

In Mexico, Emiliano Zapata gained wide popularity among the peasantry for ordering land redistribution and seizing the states of wealthy landholders.

Question 79

Traditional Confucian beliefs and practices were rejected in China and Vietnam for their failure to counter the Western challenge.