Deck 15: Europe Transformed: Reform and State Building

Question 1

Who spoke about the doctrine of justification by faith?

A) Martin Luther.
B) Ignatius Loyola.
C) Desiderius Erasmus.
D) Albrecht Durer.
E) John Calvin.

Answer 1

Martin Luther.

Question 2

Who wrote the famous sixteenth-century book The Prince?

A) Lorenzo Ghiberti
B) Niccolo Alberti
C) Giorgio Castiglione
D) Niccolo Machiavelli
E) Desiderius Erasmus

Answer 2

Niccolo Machiavelli

Question 3

Who "laid the egg that Luther hatched"?

A) Machiavelli
B) Erasmus
C) Gutenberg
D) Calvin
E) England's Henry VIII

Answer 3

Erasmus

Question 4

During the German peasant wars of the 1520s, Martin Luther

A) sided with the peasants against an oppressive upper class.
B) remained aloof and withdrawn.
C) called for the German nobility to use any force necessary to subdue the uprising.
D) was still an unknown monk with no political or religious significance.
E) personally fought on the side of the peasants.

Question 5

Who spoke most about predestination?

A) Henry VIII
B) Ignatius Loyola
C) Desiderius Erasmus
D) Albrecht Durer
E) John Calvin

Question 6

Although John Calvin was born in ____, he spent most of his public life in ____.

A) Germany; France
B) France; Switzerland
C) Switzerland; Austria
D) Belgium; Germany
E) the Netherlands; Austria

Question 7

 As a result of the 1555 Peace of Augsburg,

A) Calvinism became the dominant faith in northern Germany.
B) Germany became highly centralized.
C) Charles V reinforced his control over the German princes.
D) Lutheranism became established as an alternative to Roman Catholicism in the Germanies.
E) France was able to become independent of the Holy Roman Empire.

Question 8

 The Institutes of the Christian Religion, a masterful synthesis of Protestant thought, was written by

A) Martin Luther.
B) Ignatius Loyola.
C) Desiderius Erasmus.
D) Albrecht Durer.
E) John Calvin.

Question 9

 An important reason that caused Henry VIII to break with the Roman church was

A) his desire to become a Lutheran.
B) his plan to develop a distinct English Christianity for nationalistic reasons.
C) a dispute between the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Pope in Rome.
D) the pope's refusal to grant him a divorce from his wife, Catherine of Aragon.
E) his determination to lead a life of monastic celibacy.

Question 10

The title of Machiavelli's most famous work is

A) The Courtier.
B) The Absolute King.
C) The Prince.
D) The Spy.
E) The Duke.

Question 11

Martin Luther stressed all of these ideas about religion and faith EXCEPT that

A) salvation would be achieved through faith.
B) the purchase of indulgences would not lead to salvation.
C) the German princes should establish a reformed German church.
D) acts of good work are the sole source of salvation.
E) reading the Bible is important.

Question 12

Which of these was NOT a reform pursued by Luther?

A) Clerical celibacy
B) A national church in Germany
C) New religious services, including Bible reading and preaching
D) A married Protestant clergy
E) Salvation by faith

Question 13

 What changed for members of the Third Estate following the Renaissance?

A) Peasants made up a smaller majority of the Third Estate than they did previously.
B) More peasants became legally free and sought to keep a greater share of their labor.
C) Many members of the Third Estate became members of the Second Estate.
D) Conditions worsened to a state not seen for hundreds of years.
E) They turned to the Catholic Church for support and guidance.

Question 14

Around the year 1500, what was one of the complaints raised by religious Europeans?

A) Catholic Christianity was being infiltrated by Eastern Orthodox and even Islamic doctrines.
B) The clergy were too interested in financial matters and disinterested in religion.
C) The orthodox beliefs and practices of the church were too exoteric.
D) Pope Erasmus wanted to divide the church.
E) Manichaeism was corrupting the clergy.

Question 15

The development of printing led to all of these developments in Europe EXCEPT

A) increased research and learning.
B) new standard textbooks.
C) higher reading rates among the general public.
D) the domination of Chinese civilization over Europe.
E) the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

Question 16

Peasants made up the overwhelming mass of the Third Estate EXCEPT in

A) England and Scotland.
B) Aragon and Castille.
C) Normandy and Aquitaine.
D) Bavaria and the Balkans.
E) Flanders and northern Italy.

Question 17

The most influential Christian humanist, who popularized the reform program of Christian humanism, was

A) John of Ockham.
B) Martin Luther.
C) John Calvin.
D) Desiderius Erasmus.
E) Ulrich Zwingli.

Question 18

The Third Estate included

A) priests and monks.
B) kings and emperors.
C) knights and squires.
D) peasants, merchants, and artisans.
E) nuns and widows.

Question 19

By 1500, poor city-dwellers constituted ____ percent of the urban population.

A) 10-15
B) 20
C) 30-40
D) 60-70
E) 85

Question 20

 Among the complaints of religious Europeans around 1500 was

A) the belief that Catholic Christianity was being infiltrated by Eastern Orthodox and even Islamic doctrines.
B) the belief that the clergy were not religiously pious enough.
C) dissatisfaction with the orthodox beliefs and practices of the church.
D) the charge that Pope Erasmus wanted to divide the church.
E) fear that Manichaeism was corrupting the clergy.

Question 21

How did Queen Elizabeth I approach the issue of religion in England?

A) She followed a policy based on moderation and compromise.
B) She ensured the Church of England was basically Protestant.
C) She had herself declared "the only supreme governor" of church and state.
D) She repealed Catholic laws of her sister Mary's reign.
E) All of these.

Question 22

Lutherans and Catholics alike condemned the members of which reform movement as dangerous?

A) Calvinists
B) Anabaptists
C) Anglicans
D) Episcopalians
E) Zwinglians

Question 23

All of the following characterize the Jesuit order EXCEPT

A) it was first led by a Spanish nobleman.
B) it owed absolute obedience to the pope.
C) it was committed to using education to restore Catholicism in Europe.
D) it was responsible for the restoration of Catholicism in areas of Germany and eastern Europe.
E) it arranged a theological compromise with the Protestants.

Question 24

What efforts did Philip II take to become a champion of Catholicism throughout Europe?

A) He sent gifts to the Pope in Rome on a regular basis.
B) He sent envoys to France and England.
C) He attempted to strengthen his control in the Spanish Netherlands, sparking a war.
D) He funded the efforts of Jesuits so they could spread their reach and influence.
E) He joined a "holy league" to defend against Muslim encroachments.

Question 25

What is true of the European witch trails?

A) All the victims were women.
B) Most of the victims were poor.
C) Men were only accused if they had been convicted of other crimes.
D) The rich could buy their release.
E) Only rural populations were targeted.

Question 26

Advocates of "mercantilism" argued for all of the following EXCEPT that

A) governments should abstain from any involvement in the economy.
B) a nation prosperity depended upon a plentiful supply of bullion (gold and silver).
C) exports must exceed imports.
D) tariffs should be place on foreign goods.
E) governments should improve transportation facilities and grant trade monopolies to businesses.

Question 27

The Council of Trent took the position that

A) confession was now optional for women and ended for men.
B) the interpretation of scripture was an open question to be individually determined.
C) faith and good works were both required for salvation.
D) there was no longer any validity for indulgences.
E) the Bible should be made available in the vernacular.

Question 28

The pope who began the reformation of the papacy was

A) Paul III.
B) Leo X.
C) Clement VII.
D) John XXIII.
E) Julius II.

Question 29

Which of the following statements about the witchcraft craze in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries is FALSE?

A) it was exclusively an urban phenomenon.
B) most of those accused of being witches were female.
C) the hysteria surrounding the accusations of witchcraft led to as many as 100,000 witch trials.
D) the unsettling nature of the times served to feed the frenzy over witchcraft allegations.
E) the witchcraft hysteria was declining by the mid-1600s.

Question 30

The Edict of Nantes

A) destroyed Calvinism in France.
B) legitimized Calvinist worship and permitted Calvinists to engage in politics in France.
C) outlawed Calvinism in France.
D) permitted Henry IV to continue the French wars of religion.
E) declared Lutheranism and Anglicanism to be heresies.

Question 31

The ____ legitimized Calvinist worship and permitted Calvinists to engage in politics in France.

A) Council of Trent
B) Edict of Nantes
C) Treaty of Tordesillas
D) Peace of Augsburg
E) Peace of Constance

Question 32

The king who ordered preparations for a fleet of warships, called the armada, was

A) Charles V.
B) Ferdinand.
C) Philip II.
D) Francis I.
E) Henry IV.

Question 33

After Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon was annulled by the Archbishop of Canterbury,

A) the English clergy forced him to take her back.
B) Pope Clement VII reinstated the marriage.
C) Charles V attacked England.
D) Parliament finalized England's religious break with Rome by passing the Act of Supremacy, making Henry the head of the Anglican Church.
E) English monasteries remained intact, in spite of their defiance of Cranmer's actions.

Question 34

What was an indulgence?

A) A luxury tax on goods exceeding the Sumptuary Law.
B) An exemption to fasting on holy days.
C) A remission, after death, of all or part of the punishment due to sin.
D) Having an extra glass of wine with dinner.
E) A practice where the pope would grant special favors to wealthy nobles.

Question 35

Among the major elements underlying the social crisis of the 1600s was

A) a steep economic decline in the Mediterranean region as silver imports from Spanish colonies declined.
B) a "little ice age" in the latter half of the 1200s, cutting food production and leading to famine.
C) a sharp European population increase after 1635 cut per capita food availability by one-half.
D) the increased gold imports from Africa, which led to serious economic inflation.
E) the onset of the White Death, a variant of the bubonic plague.

Question 36

 Which of the following statements is an accurate reflection of life in Protestant Europe in the 1500s and 1600s?

A) Clergy were required to remain celibate.
B) The family became the center of human life.
C) England's Henry VIII established the Lutheran Church in his kingdom.
D) Women were encouraged to read and interpret scripture.
E) Women were given equal political rights with men.

Question 37

Which statement about European marriage is FALSE?

A) In Europe, as in China, most marriages were arranged by the parents.
B) Love was the major reason for marriage.
C) The husband was to be the ruler and the wife was to obey.
D) In the early modern period the family was the heart of the social order.
E) In addition to obeying her husband, the wife's other role was to bear children.

Question 38

Queen Elizabeth I

A) was the first female ruler of France.
B) became hated because of her attempt to restore Roman Catholicism in England.
C) slapped Paul III in the face after a lengthy, and heated, theological debate.
D) successfully survived the Spanish armada.
E) engineered the brilliant English-Swedish naval success at the Battle of Lepanto.

Question 39

Which statement about life in Protestant Europe in the 1500s and 1600s is correct?

A) Clergy were required to remain celibate.
B) Ministers were allowed to get married and have families.
C) England's Henry VIII established the Lutheran Church in his kingdom.
D) Differences with Catholics were always resolved peacefully.
E) Women were given equal political rights with men.

Question 40

After the death of Henry VIII, under Edward VI England became more

A) Catholic.
B) Lutheran.
C) republican.
D) Calvinist.
E) Protestant.

Question 41

The legacy Louis XIV left to France was

A) control, finally, over the foreign trade of the Netherlands.
B) a hugely expanded territorial domain.
C) a nation that was financially destitute.
D) the friendship of the rest of Europe.
E) a stronger administrative structure.

Question 42

Peter the Great adopted all of these policies EXCEPT

A) insisting that the majority of governmental expenditures were for military purposes.
B) implementing state domination of the Russian Orthodox church.
C) isolating Russia from the ways and customs of western Europe.
D) making an effort to modernize Russia.
E) strengthening of the power of the tsar.

Question 43

What was one of the strategies of Louis XIV's controller of general finances to increase the wealth and power of France?

A) To lower tariffs on foreign goods imported to France.
B) Reject the ideas behind mercantilism.
C) Target weaker countries militarily and win plunder.
D) To grant subsidies to individuals who established new industries.
E) Removed government intervention in economic activities.

Question 44

As a result of the Glorious Revolution in England

A) the Irish gained a number of rights (petition, jury trial, etc.).
B) William and Mary were deposed, and James II became the English ruler.
C) Parliament enshrined divine right absolutism in England.
D) Parliament became a major participant in the running of the English government.
E) Oliver Cromwell was driven into exile.

Question 45

The spark that began the Glorious Revolution was the

A) execution of Charles I.
B) restoration of Charles II.
C) declaration of the Commonwealth by Oliver Cromwell.
D) birth of a son to James II.
E) accession to the throne by Queen Anne.

Question 46

As a result of the Glorious Revolution, England became a

A) republic.
B) divine right monarchy.
C) federated commonwealth.
D) democracy.
E) constitutional monarchy.

Question 47

James I alienated England's Parliament because of his advocacy of

A) Catholicism.
B) religious toleration.
C) Puritanism.
D) divine right of kings.
E) Scottish independence.

Question 48

The greatest figure of the Baroque style was the Italian architect and sculptor

A) El Greco.
B) Peter Paul Rubens.
C) Gian Lorenzo Bernini.
D) Nicholas Poussin.
E) Nicholas van Zandt.

Question 49

The Russian ruler who first took the title of tsar, who expanded the territories of Russia to the east, and who crushed the power of the nobility was

A) Peter the Great.
B) Michael Romanov.
C) Alexander II.
D) Ivan IV.
E) Vlad the Impaler.

Question 50

Which author best represents the golden age of English literature?

A) Milton
B) Donne
C) Marlowe
D) Shakespeare
E) Keats

Question 51

All of the following aided in the development of French absolutism EXCEPT

A) the concentration of central policy-making at Versailles.
B) royal policies effectively weakening the Huguenots and the French nobles.
C) putting down rebellious challenges to royal rule.
D) Louis XIV's removal of the royal princes from the royal council.
E) the king's ability to rule directly over the internal administration of the kingdom.

Question 52

The Peace of Westphalia ended

A) the Hundred Years' War.
B) the Thirty Years' War.
C) feudalism.
D) the dominion of the Ottoman Empire.
E) the system of vassalage.

Question 53

After the Turks were defeated in 1687 all of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia came under Habsburg rule, thus establishing in southeastern Europe the

A) German Empire.
B) Holy Roman Empire.
C) Austrian Empire.
D) Bohemian Empire.
E) Ottoman Empire.

Question 54

Who is considered to be the only military genius of the English Civil War?

A) Thomas Cromwell
B) Oliver Cromwell
C) Charles I
D) William of Orange
E) Charles II

Question 55

The Thirty Years' War

A) was limited to a small area in southeastern Bohemia.
B) was the first major war of the Renaissance Era.
C) ultimately insured that the Holy Roman Emperor would determine the Empire's religious policies.
D) was ended by the signing of the Peace of Westphalia.
E) was fought between France and the Ottoman Empire.

Question 56

Dutch paintings reflected interests of the bourgeois society, including all except

A) landscape and seascapes.
B) still lifes.
C) the interior of residences.
D) scenes from classical literature.
E) group portraits of guilds.

Question 57

Which statement about the Puritans is FALSE?

A) They were Protestant Christians.
B) They wanted to reform the Anglican church.
C) They admired the Catholic elements in the Church of England
D) They frequently disagreed with the Stuart kings.
E) They comprised much of England's gentry.

Question 58

Which event did NOT occur in England, during the period of the 1640s to 1660?

A) Charles I was executed.
B) Charles I antagonized the Puritans in Parliament.
C) Oliver Cromwell led his New Model Army to victory over the forces of the king.
D) Charles II replaced his executed father on the English throne.
E) after the death of Charles I, Cromwell became the new king of England.

Question 59

Baroque artists sought to harmonize the

A) draftsmanship of abstract expressionism with romantic naturalism.
B) seriousness of Rocco with Graeco-Roman Neo-classicism.
C) ideals of Renaissance art with spiritual feelings of the religious reformations.
D) iconoclasm of church art with the Neo-Gothic style.
E) subconscious with the conscious.

Question 60

Which king became the traditional example of seventeenth century absolutism?

A) Louis XVI.
B) James III.
C) Louis XIV.
D) Charles II.
E) Ivan IV.

Question 61

The first true book produced from moveable type was Marco Polo's Travels.

Question 62

 During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the landholding nobles faced declining real incomes.

Question 63

 Martin Luther did not seem himself as a revolutionary innovator or a heretic.

Question 64

The major advocate of predestination was Martin Luther.

Question 65

Arranged marriages were unique to Europe during early modern times.

Question 66

 The Council of Trent established scripture and tradition as equal authorities in religious matters.

Question 67

The 16^th and 17^th centuries were when most European witch trials were conducted.

Question 68

During England's Commonwealth era of the 1650s, Oliver Cromwell ruled as a military dictator.

Question 69

The Thirty Years' War started as a struggle over religious issues but became a wider conflict due to political motivations.

Question 70

The first true book produced from movable type was the King James Bible.

Question 71

Woodcuts were an important medium in the popularization of Reformation messages.

Question 72

Most of the fighting during the Thirty Years' War took place in France.

Question 73

Oliver Cromwell and the rest of the New Model Army were mostly extreme Puritans.

Question 74

After the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church had a clear body of doctrine under the supremacy of the pope.

Question 75

The issue that drove Luther to writing his Ninety-Five Theses was the selling of indulgences.

Question 76

 Baroque art focused on realism and scenes of everyday life.

Question 77

Although world-wide trade increased in seventeenth century, local, regional, and intra-European trade still predominated.

Question 78

Where Lutheranism was established, the state played no role in supervising or overseeing the church.

Question 79

The artistic movement that dominated the Western artistic world during the seventeenth century was known as Neo-classical, inspired by the legacy of Greece and Rome.

Question 80

Elisabeth I occupied the throne of England for nearly half a century.