Deck 11: Critical Theory Perspectives on Globalization: Inequality, Imperialism, and Injustice

Question 1

Which perspective would emphasize demography, geography, and a decentralized distribution of power as the reasons why Europe came to influence the world?

A) the realist perspective
B) the liberal perspective
C) the identity perspective
D) the critical theory perspective

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to world systems theory, what is the international distribution of labor produced by global capitalism?

A) the division of individuals into a class that works and a class that manages or owns property
B) the division of the world market into a core, periphery, and semiperiphery
C) the division of societies into those who colonize and those who are colonized
D) the division of individuals into producers and consumers

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The souk (or bazaar) and the caravan trade are examples of which of the following?

A) traditional organizations for commercial exchange in the Middle East and Asia
B) religious principles that govern social and economic activity in the Middle East and Asia
C) traditional names for social and economic classes in the Middle East and Asia
D) traditional political institutions in the Middle East and Asia

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is a modern equivalent to the mercantile companies that furthered British and Dutch colonialism?

A) supranational institutions
B) civil society
C) multinational corporations
D) small to medium-sized enterprises

Question 5

Marginalization is ______.

A) the conquest and exploitation by the European states of poorer peoples and lands in Latin America, Africa, and Asia
B) the forceful extension of a nation's authority to other peoples by military, economic, and political domination
C) the extraction of profits from the resources and labor of others in an unjust way
D) the social process of making unimportant or powerless certain groups within a society, especially indigenous peoples and women

Question 6

For critical theorists, why is the experience of Latin America important?

A) Latin America demonstrates the long-lasting effects of colonialism.
B) The impact of colonialism on Latin America was minimal.
C) Latin America is not part of what most analysts consider the third world.
D) Latin America has kept close ties with the states that colonized it.

Question 7

What group constitutes approximately 90 percent of the workforce in export zones?

A) children
B) women
C) indigenous groups
D) migrants

Question 8

What does Thomas Friedman mean when he argues that the Lexus drives out the olive tree?

A) Industrialization replaces agriculture.
B) Globalization gives traditional industries access to global markets.
C) The culture of modernity replaces the culture of tradition.
D) The cosmopolitan elite become more influential than local businesses.

Question 9

According to the identity perspective, what would countries have to do to become more modern?

A) work with the international system's hegemon to promote domestic development
B) implement Western rules of specialization, comparative advantage, and open markets
C) adopt a Western standard of pluralist political systems
D) adopt the Western ideas of the Renaissance, Reformation, and Enlightenment

Question 10

According to world systems theory, what are the smaller and less developed countries called?

A) peripheral states
B) exploited states
C) satellite states
D) developing states

Question 11

The forceful extension of a nation's authority to other peoples by military, economic, and political domination is better known as ______.

A) dependency
B) colonialism
C) exploitation
D) imperialism

Question 12

Which perspective would argue that the development of the West is the result of the conquest, exploitation, and marginalization of other societies using military, economic, and cultural means?

A) the realist perspective
B) the liberal perspective
C) the identity perspective
D) the critical theory perspective

Question 13

Which perspective would most likely argue that the development of the West was a result of deeply rooted systemic and historical processes?

A) the realist perspective
B) the liberal perspective
C) the identity perspective
D) the critical theory perspective

Question 14

Which theory, borrowing from Marxism, explains how colonialism reinforced capitalism and enabled capitalism to survive by exploiting the peripheral countries of the world?

A) dependency theory
B) crony capitalism
C) unfair trade theory
D) world systems theory

Question 15

Which perspective attributes the emergence of the West as a result of technology, specialization, and institutional innovations, such as the modern factory, markets, and domestic and international bureaucracy?

A) the realist perspective
B) the liberal perspective
C) the identity perspective
D) the critical theory perspective

Question 16

According to the critical theory perspective, why were Western states (like Portugal and Spain) able to colonize other parts of the world?

A) Historical happenstance and the unusual cunning of Western explorers made Western colonization successful.
B) The ideas of the Renaissance and Reformation strongly motivated Western exploration.
C) Navigation and shipbuilding technology gave Western states an advantage over other societies.
D) The West had a natural cultural advantage in interactions with other societies.

Question 17

Approximately how old is the world economy?

A) 350 years old
B) 500 years old
C) 800 years old
D) 1,500 years old

Question 18

Arguing that European explorers were more active than their Chinese counterparts because Europeans could appeal to multiple, competing governments for support is to highlight the importance of which of the following factors?

A) material capabilities
B) a decentralized distribution of power
C) military might
D) a single, strong monarch

Question 19

The relative price of exports and imports is better known as ______.

A) exchange rate
B) capital account
C) terms of trade
D) economies of scale

Question 20

According to dependency theory, what is the advanced center of an empire called?

A) the satellite
B) the metropole
C) the core
D) the hegemon

Question 21

Which of the following best describes systematic inequality?

A) deep-seated disparity in the distribution of wealth
B) the gap between advanced and developing countries in terms of access to modern technology
C) the social process of making unimportant or powerless certain groups within society
D) the extraction of profits from the resources and labor of others in an unjust way

Question 22

In critical theory, the unjust extraction of profits from the resources and labor of others is known as ______.

A) marginalization
B) colonialism
C) exploitation
D) imperialism

Question 23

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. The proliferation of plantations to produce cash crops resulted in ______.

A) local foodstuffs that were traditionally grown being replaced
B) local infrastructure, including land and water, was usurped for commercial purposes
C) the health and well-being of local peasantry were boosted
D) local peoples were more included in political processes

Question 24

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. The identity perspective attributes the rise of the West to ______.

A) Renaissance and Reformation ideas
B) demography and geography
C) the Protestant ethic
D) the decentralized distribution of power

Question 25

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Globalization has marginalized women by ______.

A) damaging the environment where most women live
B) neglecting the agricultural sector of the economy, where most women work
C) paying those working in export zones higher wages
D) increasing unpaid labor by women in the household sector

Question 26

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Coercive comparative advantage, as epitomized by the plantation, resulted in ______.

A) developing countries becoming more competitive in world goods and services markets
B) developing countries lost the capacity to feed themselves
C) developing countries' formal sectors became more integrated
D) developing countries' local enterprise and production activity was forced into the informal sector

Question 27

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. According to the critical theory perspective, globalization is the result of which of the following influences?

A) material conditions
B) cultural and social conditions
C) institutional conditions
D) geographical conditions

Question 28

According to dependency theory, the plantation is a direct result of metropole-satellite relationships.

Question 29

Deep-seated disparity in the distribution of wealth or other treatments in critical theory refers to ______.

A) exploitation
B) marginalization
C) systematic inequality
D) colonialism

Question 30

The critical theory perspective criticizes the other perspectives for assuming that development is a universalistic process that follows a single course initially set by Western ideas, power, and institutions.

Question 31

According to dependency theory, comparative advantage is not a given. Rather, it is a pattern of historically determined and dominant relationships shaped by colonial governments and raw power.

Question 32

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following states challenged Spanish and Portuguese exploration and colonization in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

A) Germany
B) Russia
C) Great Britain
D) The Netherlands

Question 33

While Spanish explorers sailed west to the Caribbean and the Americas, Portuguese explorers sailed down the western coast of Africa, around the Cape of Good Hope, and into the Indian Ocean.

Question 34

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 divided the known world for colonization by which two European powers?

A) Portugal
B) Great Britain
C) France
D) Spain

Question 35

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are ways in which groups are marginalized?

A) They are treated as primitive and uncivilized.
B) They are robbed of their land.
C) They are forced into low-paying, inescapable work, often confined to a specific ghetto-like area.
D) Their cultures are honored and preserved.

Question 36

According to the critical theory perspective, colonialism established patterns of dependency that persist today.

Question 37

Through the lens of the critical theory, to which of the following does the concept of the digital divide refer?

A) the uneven distribution in the access to, use of, or impact of information and communication technologies between groups
B) the imbalance in trade power between advanced and developing countries in the tech sector
C) the uneven distribution in the development of the tech sector in the developing world versus advanced countries
D) the trade barriers between countries like China and the US that prevent the sale or trade of technologies

Question 38

According to the critical theory perspective, economic growth is a non-zero-sum game.

Question 39

The gap between advanced and developing countries in terms of access to modern technology best describes which of the following concepts in critical theory?

A) systematic inequality
B) the digital divide
C) marginalization
D) exploitation

Question 40

Which perspective would most likely argue that globalization has resulted in a gap between advanced and developing countries in terms of access to computers, cell phones, and other telecommunication devices?

A) the realist perspective
B) the liberal perspective
C) the identity perspective
D) the critical theory perspective

Question 41

Approximately ten million ______ were transported from Africa to the Americas, in addition to millions that did not survive the journey.

Question 42

______ is the practice of paying off loans with direct labor instead of currency or goods.

Question 43

The critical theory perspective emphasizes a set of dynamics they refer to as ______, which explains lack of development in terms of colonialism and oppression.

Question 44

If, over time, it takes larger quantities of exports of raw goods, like coffee beans, to earn enough money to buy a constant amount of imported manufactured goods, like refrigerators, we would say the country has experienced declining ______.

Question 45

In developing countries, women work mostly in the informal sector, performing jobs that mimic housework, such as cleaning, sewing, and cooking.

Question 46

______ is the deep-seated disparity in the distribution of wealth and power generated by colonialism and dependency.

Question 47

The critical theory perspective argues that mainstream analysts' understanding of economic development is based upon the idea that the history of ______ society provides the only pattern for development.

Question 48

According to the critical theory perspective, growth is a ______ game, a process by which a dominant country systematically extracts profits from a subordinate country.

Question 49

According to dependency theory, economic exploitation creates three types of states: core, semiperipheral, and peripheral.

Question 50

World systems theory argues that colonialism reinforces capitalism and enables capitalism to survive through the exploitation of peripheral states.

Question 51

According to the critical theory perspective, globalization is driven by a ______, not sequential, logic that cannot be steered or stopped.

Question 52

The world systems dynamic creates a ______ between leading sectors that generate high profits and lagging sectors that generate little or no profits.

Question 53

The critical theory perspective argues that although women and children are marginalized in developing states, they are not marginalized in developed, industrialized states.

Question 54

World systems theory is heavily influenced by the work of Karl Marx.

Question 55

Modern ______ are the equivalent of the mercantile companies and plantations that were founded during the colonial period.

Question 56

Measuring inequality is a relatively straightforward task.

Question 57

______ is the forceful extension of a nation's authority to other peoples by military, economic, and political domination.

Question 58

The conquest and exploitation by the European states of poorer peoples and lands in Latin America, Africa, and Asia is better known as ______.

Question 59

From the critical theory perspective, MNCs are uniquely the primary cause of exploitation.

Question 60

According to world systems theory, ______ have the greatest difficulty because they struggle to keep from falling backward while using government intervention to attempt to advance.

Question 61

According to the critical theory perspective, globalization marginalizes ______ and ______.

Question 62

What are the main elements of world systems theory?

Question 63

The ______ refers to the gap between advanced and developing countries in terms of access to the digital devices or tools of the information age.

Question 64

In what ways has globalization marginalized women?

Question 65

What effect did the development of plantations have on colonized societies?

Question 66

How does the critical theory perspective understand exploitation?

Question 67

What are the main elements of dependency theory?

Question 68

According to the critical theory perspective, what types of relationships between the West and societies in the rest of the world have allowed the West to develop?

Question 69

In 2007, the UN adopted the ______, emphasizing their rights to culture, identity, language, employment, health, education, and other benefits and outlawing discrimination against them.

Question 70

What is the difference between core and peripheral states?