Question 1

Classical liberalism argued that the government should not interfere in economic affairs.

Accepted Answer

Classical liberalism emphasized individual rights and freedoms, including property rights and free markets, and believed that government interference in economic affairs could restrict these freedoms and lead to inefficiencies.

Question 2

The emotivists thought that moral judgments are genuine propositions with a clear, factual meaning.

Accepted Answer

Emotivists believed that moral judgments express only emotion or subjective preferences, and do not have objective and universal meanings.

Question 3

Making and defending moral judgments is known as metaethics.

Accepted Answer

Making and defending moral judgments is actually known as normative ethics. Metaethics is concerned with the foundations, language, and nature of ethics, and seeks to understand the meaning and justification behind moral claims.

Question 4

Ayn Rand embraced a community-based ethics, in which the neediest were cared for by the strongest.

Accepted Answer

Ayn Rand's philosophy of Objectivism emphasized individualism and self-interest, rejecting the idea of sacrifice for the common good. She believed that individuals should follow their own rational self-interest and succeed through their own efforts, rather than relying on a community-based ethics.

Question 5

John Rawls argued that rational, self-interested people choosing from behind a veil of ignorance would agree that there should be no inequalities in liberty or wealth and income in the just society.

Accepted Answer

John Rawls argued that rational, self-interested people would agree on two principles of justice: equal basic liberties for all and inequalities in wealth and income are only justified if they benefit the least advantaged members of society (the difference principle), not that there should be no inequalities at all.

Question 6

MacIntyre accepted Aristotle's view that human nature cannot be specified merely by stating the average human's characteristics.

Accepted Answer

MacIntyre believed that human nature is complex and cannot be reduced to a list of typical or average characteristics. Instead, he emphasized the importance of understanding human nature in light of the individual's particular social and historical context.

Question 7

Herbert Marcuse argued that the reason the Marxist revolution didn't happen in modern industrial societies is because capitalism doesn't really lead to the exploitation and alienation of workers that Marx said it did.

Accepted Answer

Herbert Marcuse believed that capitalism did indeed lead to exploitation and alienation of workers, but the reason for the failure of the Marxist revolution in modern industrial societies was due to factors such as the integration of workers into the system through consumerism and the use of technology to control and manipulate the masses.

Question 8

According to the emotivists, what do moral judgments do?&#10;A) They guide conduct.&#10;B) They assert facts.&#10;C) They express emotion and encourage others to feel the same way.&#10;D) They create value.

Accepted Answer

Emotivists believe that moral judgments are expressions of emotions or attitudes rather than assertions of facts or instructions for action. Therefore, moral judgments do not guide conduct or create value, but rather they express emotion and encourage others to feel the same way.

Question 9

Identify a true statement about Marcuse's philosophical position.&#10;A) He perceived a weakening of the integration of the working classes into society.&#10;B) He believed that morality means creating something and then making money from it.&#10;C) He developed the ideas of ethical egoism, laissez-faire capitalism, and individual rights with his philosophy of Objectivism.&#10;D) He believed that taking from the rich without compensation and giving to the poor is never just.

Accepted Answer

Marcuse believed in the concept of a "one-dimensional society," where people in capitalist societies are pacified by the promises of consumer culture and the integration of the working classes into the system is weakened. This shows that option A is the true statement about Marcuse's philosophical position. The other options are incorrect as they either do not align with his philosophy or are based on the ideas of other philosophers (such as Ayn Rand for option C).

Question 10

Which of the following is the political philosophy based on the desire to preserve past social and political traditions and practices?&#10;A) conservatism&#10;B) communism&#10;C) fascism&#10;D) socialism

Accepted Answer

Conservatism is the political philosophy that aims to preserve or maintain traditional social and political institutions and practices. It emphasizes the importance of continuity and stability in society, and is often associated with support for limited government intervention in economic affairs and a strong emphasis on individual freedom and responsibility. Communism, fascism, and socialism, on the other hand, are all ideologies that seek to radically transform society in different ways.

Question 11

Identify Rawls's position on the just distribution of income and wealth in a society.&#10;A) It should be unequal unless a more equal distribution would benefit everyone.&#10;B) It should be equal unless an unequal distribution would benefit everyone.&#10;C) It should always be equal.&#10;D) It should be based on effort, talent, and accomplishments.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify Rawls's position on the just distribution...

Question 12

Robert Nozick is a libertarian who thinks that only a state limited to the functions of a night-watchman is morally justifiable.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Robert Nozick is a libertarian who thinks...

Question 13

Which of the following is true of John Rawls's original position?&#10;A) It leads to an entitlement view of justice.&#10;B) It ensures that people do not tailor their conception of justice to their own case.&#10;C) It is the position of a person in a socio-political world before the introduction of a veil of ignorance.&#10;D) It is the social position of people in their current, real-life societies.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is true of...

Question 14

According to Rawls, the most important good is respecting others.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Rawls, the most important good...

Question 15

The attempt to understand the sources and criteria of moral value judgments is known as:&#10;A) metaethics.&#10;B) normative ethics.&#10;C) deontological ethics.&#10;D) prima facie duty.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The attempt to understand the sources and...

Question 16

Why does Robert Nozick believe that any state that goes beyond the minimal state is unjust?&#10;A) Such a state fails to achieve communitarian consensus on the good.&#10;B) Such a state violates persons' rights not to be forced to do certain things.&#10;C) Such a state would not be agreed to by rational, self-interested individuals in a fair initial bargaining situation.&#10;D) Nozick is an anarchist libertarian who doesn't think that any state is just.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why does Robert Nozick believe that any...

Question 17

_____ is an economic system in which ownership of the means of production and distribution is maintained primarily by private individuals and corporations.&#10;A) Communism&#10;B) Socialism&#10;C) Fascism&#10;D) Capitalism

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ is an economic system in which...

Question 18

Metaethics is the attempt to understand the sources, criteria, meaning, verification, or validation of moral value judgments.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Metaethics is the attempt to understand the...

Question 19

According to Michael Walzer, what is a thick moral argument?&#10;A) a moral argument that takes into account the actual, particular details of the political association or culture involved&#10;B) a moral argument that focuses on abstract, universal questions of value, obligation, and justice&#10;C) a moral argument that is dense and hard to understand&#10;D) a moral argument that is systematic rather than piecemeal moral argument

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Michael Walzer, what is a...

Deck 12: Recent Moral and Political Philosophy