Question 1

According to the philosophy of Absolute Idealism, what is the relationship between &#34;being real&#34; and &#34;being knowable&#34;?&#10;A) No reality is knowable.&#10;B) All reality is knowable.&#10;C) Some reality is knowable and some aren't.&#10;D) Only God is ultimately unknowable.

Accepted Answer

According to Absolute Idealism, all reality is ultimately knowable. This is because reality is created and sustained by the absolute or divine consciousness, which is also the source of our own consciousness and knowledge. Thus, the more we know about ourselves and the world around us, the closer we come to understanding the absolute or divine consciousness itself.

Question 2

According to Hegel, the highest reality (the absolute) is _____.&#10;A) the entire material world&#10;B) a God who exists beyond the world&#10;C) an infinite thought thinking of itself&#10;D) a vast group of independent particulars

Accepted Answer

According to Hegel, the highest reality is an infinite thought thinking of itself, which he also referred to as the "Absolute Idea." This idea is self-aware and self-determining, and contains the totality of all thought and being. Hegel did not believe in a personal God that exists beyond the world or in a material world that is independent and unconnected to the Absolute.

Question 3

According to David Hume, why can't past experience justify claims about the future?&#10;A) Our knowledge of past experience depends on memory, which cannot be known to be accurate.&#10;B) Tricky question! Hume does think that past experience can justify claims about the future.&#10;C) Because we can never know if we are the same person as the person we seem to remember being, past experience cannot be a guide to claims about our future.&#10;D) We can never know whether or not the future will be like the past.

Accepted Answer

David Hume argued that we cannot justify claims about the future based on past experience because there is no necessary connection that ensures the future will resemble the past. This skepticism is rooted in his understanding that our expectations of the future are based on habits of thought, not on rational justification.

Question 4

According to Hume, why can't we have knowledge on the relation of cause and effect?&#10;A) We can never observe a constant conjunction between events.&#10;B) We can never observe the cause and the effect at the same time.&#10;C) We can never observe a necessary connection between events.&#10;D) We can never observe the atoms that make up the cause and the effect of events.

Accepted Answer

Hume argued that we can never observe a necessary connection between events, which means we can't know for certain that one event causes another. Instead, all we can observe is a constant conjunction between events, meaning that they regularly occur together. But this is not enough to establish a necessary connection of cause and effect.

Question 5

The absolute idealists refused to accept Kant's belief in an unknowable reality.

Accepted Answer

Absolute idealists, such as Hegel, believed that ultimate reality could be known and understood through the process of dialectical reasoning, rejecting Kant's idea of the "thing-in-itself" as unknowable.

Question 6

From the perspective of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, the cosmos and its history are the concrete expressions of thought.

Accepted Answer

Hegel believed that the entire universe and all of its history could be understood as the concrete expression of thought, specifically the process of the dialectic.

Question 7

Arguments that attempt to establish something as a necessary precondition of the possibility of experience are called _____.&#10;A) wax arguments&#10;B) paradigm case arguments&#10;C) third man arguments&#10;D) transcendental arguments

Accepted Answer

Arguments that attempt to establish something as a necessary precondition of the possibility of experience are called transcendental arguments. These arguments seek to establish the necessary conditions for the possibility of experience, and typically take the form of showing that without some presupposition or condition, experience would be impossible. This type of argument is often used in philosophy to support claims about the nature of reality, knowledge, or meaning. Wax arguments, paradigm case arguments, and third man arguments refer to different types of arguments used in philosophy, but they do not focus on establishing necessary preconditions for experience.

Question 8

According to David Hume, the self is a(n) _____.&#10;A) sequence of perceptions&#10;B) immaterial, unchanging substance&#10;C) physical body&#10;D) social entity

Accepted Answer

According to Hume, the self is not an immaterial and unchanging substance, nor is it a physical body or a social entity. He argues that the self is simply a collection or sequence of perceptions and that there is no underlying entity that holds these perceptions together.

Question 9

Why doesn't Kant think that we can have knowledge of the things-in-themselves (das Ding-an-sich)?&#10;A) because they have not yet been experienced&#10;B) because they are not physical in nature&#10;C) because they are not mental in nature&#10;D) because the organizing principles of the mind do not apply to them

Accepted Answer

According to Kant, the things-in-themselves exist independently of our perceptions and mental representations, but we can never have knowledge of them because our cognitive faculties structure and organize the sensory information that we receive from the world around us. In other words, our minds impose certain categories and concepts on the raw materials of our experience, and these mental structures shape and limit our understanding of reality. Thus, although we can know the phenomenal world, which is the world as it appears to us, we can never penetrate to the noumenal world, which is the world as it is in itself.

Question 10

Copernicus argued that the mind imposes certain categories on the objects of experience and that this is what makes it possible to have knowledge of the world of experience.

Accepted Answer

Copernicus argued for a heliocentric model of the universe, not about the mind imposing categories on objects of experience. The idea that the mind imposes categories on experience is more closely associated with Immanuel Kant.

Question 11

According to David Hume, what do we directly observe?&#10;A) physical objects&#10;B) sense impressions&#10;C) ourselves&#10;D) our brains

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to David Hume, what do we...

Question 12

David Hume wrote the Critique of Pure Reason.

Accepted Answer

The answer of David Hume wrote the Critique of Pure...

Question 13

Hume discovered that he did not experience a cause actually producing an effect.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Hume discovered that he did not experience...

Question 14

According to Immanuel Kant, the world being &#34;noumenal&#34; means the _____.&#10;A) world as it is in itself, independent of our experiences&#10;B) world as it is presented to us through our experiences&#10;C) world of mind&#10;D) world of matter

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Immanuel Kant, the world being...

Question 15

For Hegel, nothing is completely real or true except the sum total of reality, the Absolute.

Accepted Answer

The answer of For Hegel, nothing is completely real or...

Question 16

According to Schopenhauer, the will structures the phenomenal world.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Schopenhauer, the will structures the...

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true about Immanuel Kant?&#10;A) He argued that a stream of sensations could not qualify as experience unless the stream was unified and conceptualized by the mind as the experience of external objects.&#10;B) He held that the objective world is an unfolding or expression of infinite thought, and the individual mind is the vehicle of infinite thought reflecting on itself.&#10;C) He argued that reality, the Absolute, is not a group of independent particulars or states of affairs, but rather an integrated whole in which each proposition is logically connected with all the rest.&#10;D) He based psychoanalysis on the concept that human actions stem not from rationality but from unconscious drives and instincts in what he called the &#34;id,&#34; or &#34;it&#34; part of the self.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements is true...

Question 18

According to Immanuel Kant, perception is the:&#10;A) same as sense impressions.&#10;B) organizing principle of the mind.&#10;C) application of the organizing principles of the mind to sense impressions.&#10;D) direct awareness of noumenal objects.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Immanuel Kant, perception is the:&#10;A)...

Question 19

Schopenhauer believed humans are rational in their actions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Schopenhauer believed humans are rational in their...

Deck 7: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries