Deck 1: Juvenile Justice in Historical Perspective

Question 1

The concept of ______ refers to criminal intent, or the guilty mind.

A) mens rea
B) actus reus
C) lex talionis
D) infancy

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Under the concept of ______, institutional custodians acted as parental substitutes with far-reaching powers over their charges.

A) mens rea
B) in loco parentis
C) actus reus
D) parens patriae

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which type of juvenile offenders would not even be considered in trouble if they were an adult?

A) delinquents
B) status offenders
C) adult offenders
D) dependent and neglected

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which approach to juvenile justice is focused on a more formal, official, and constitutional handling of juvenile offenders?

A) therapeutic
B) casework
C) in loco parentis
D) legalistic

Question 5

Caseworkers continue to argue that more formal proceedings result in greater _____ of juveniles, possibly resulting in more negative self-concepts and eventually in careers as adult offenders.

A) labeling
B) institutionalization
C) stigmatization
D) treatment

Question 6

The perceived increase in the number of ______ offenses perpetrated by juveniles led many to ponder whether the juvenile court, originally established to protect and treat juveniles, is adequate to the task of dealing with modern-day offenders.

A) property
B) violent
C) cyber crime
D) drug

Question 7

Restorative justice approaches, currently gaining momentum with juveniles, emphasize ______ philosophies, rather than the ______ philosophy that has been popular for the last few years.

A) get tough, treatment
B) treatment, status offender
C) treatment, get tough
D) status offender, treatment

Question 8

Which approach to juvenile justice focuses on a more informal, unofficial, treatment-oriented handling of juvenile offenders?

A) therapeutic
B) formalistic
C) legalistic
D) parens patriae

Question 9

The principle of ______ later became central to the development of the juvenile court in America and today generally refers to the fact that the state (government) has ultimate parental authority over juveniles in need of protection or guidance.

A) in loco parentis
B) lex talionis
C) parens patriae
D) mens rea

Question 10

A child might be adjudicated delinquent but ordered to participate in psychological counseling. This is an example of the ______ approach applied through a ______ framework.

A) formal, therapeutic
B) therapeutic, informal
C) official, informal
D) casework, constitutional

Question 11

Which court case banned the death penalty for anyone under the age of 18?

A) In re Gault
B) Roper v. Simmons
C) Graham v. Florida
D) Miller v. Alabama

Question 12

Which movement in juvenile justice consisted of philanthropists, reformers, and professionals who exhibited a legitimate concern for juveniles and established the first juvenile court which stressed the importance of rehabilitation and treatment through education and training?

A) houses of refuge
B) reform schools
C) institutionalization
D) child-savers

Question 13

The juvenile justice system is not considered static; laws dealing with juveniles change with changing ______ climates.

A) social
B) political
C) economic
D) judicial

Question 14

Which court case abolished the sentence of life without parole for a juvenile offender convicted of a non-homicide offense?

A) In re Gault
B) Roper v. Simmons
C) Graham v. Florida
D) Miller v. Alabama

Question 15

Which court decision made it clear that the legalists were on firm ground, but it did not deny the legitimacy of the casework approach?

A) In re Gault
B) Roper v. Simmons
C) Graham v. Florida
D) Miller v. Alabama

Question 16

In the 5th century AD, children under the age of ______ were exempt from criminal liability.

A) 5
B) 7
C) 9
D) 11

Question 17

All states now allow juveniles to be tried as ______ under certain circumstances.

A) status offenders
B) delinquents
C) youthful offenders
D) adults

Question 18

The perceived increase in violent crimes committed by juveniles has led many to believe that the ____ is not effective in solving the juvenile justice problem.

A) adult court
B) juvenile court
C) juvenile detention centers
D) status offense adjudication

Question 19

During the early part of the 21st century, concern over delinquency in general, and violent delinquents in particular ______, while confidence in the juvenile justice system was ______.

A) eroded, grew
B) grew, stayed the same
C) stayed the same, grew
D) grew, eroded

Question 20

While severe punishments for juvenile offenders gained popularity in the 1980s and 1990s, the Supreme Court ruled that juveniles could not receive which penalties?

A) death penalty
B) life in prison with parole
C) life in prison without parole
D) both death penalty and live in prison without parole

Question 21

When and in what state was the first juvenile court established?

A) 1874, Massachusetts
B) 1892, New York
C) 1899, Illinois
D) 1900, Pennsylvania

Question 22

The question of when and under what circumstances youth are capable of forming mens rea remains a grey area in the juvenile justice system.

Question 23

The United States allows juveniles to be executed.

Question 24

Status offenders are still considered delinquents.

Question 25

Approximately 2,000 years ago, both Roman civil law and later canon (church) law made distinctions between juveniles and adults based on the notion of age of responsibility.

Question 26

A period of transition toward progressive legalism of the juvenile justice system occurred in the latter part of the 18th century through the 19th century.

Question 27

The discrepancy between the ideal (theory) and practice (reality) within the juvenile justice system remains considerable.

Question 28

Under the Code of Hammurabi, children under the age of 7 were presumed to be incapable of forming criminal intent.

Question 29

The debate over treatment of juvenile offenders versus punishment of juvenile offenders continues to this day.

Question 30

The Supreme Court ruled in 2012 that a mandatory life sentence without parole violates the 8th amendment.

Question 31

During the era of socialized juvenile justice in the United States, the primary focus was ______.

A) increased legal rights of youth
B) parental involvement
C) treatment and rehabilitation of youth
D) punishment of youth

Question 32

Currently, a number of jurisdictions across the United States are reviewing the basic operations of juvenile justice and the effectiveness of system reforms.

Question 33

For a number of years, the trend was to hold younger and younger juveniles accountable for their offenses, to exclude certain offenses from the jurisdiction of the juvenile court, and to establish mandatory or automatic waiver provisions for certain offenses.

Question 34

In the 15th century, ______ were created by the King of England to consider petitions of those who were in need of special aid intervention.

A) chancery courts
B) poor laws
C) dower system
D) houses of refuge

Question 35

In deciding not to hear the Holmes case, the U.S. Supreme Court ______.

A) reaffirmed the desirability of the juvenile court's informal procedures
B) confirmed that constitutional rights afforded to accused adults apply to juveniles
C) stated that the threshold for hearing juvenile cases was not met in this case
D) imposed formal procedures on the juvenile justice system

Question 36

The legalistic approach to juvenile justice is an informal, therapeutic, and unofficial approach.

Question 37

Chancery courts did not deal with dependent and neglected children.

Question 38

Developers of the juvenile justice system in the U.S. intended legal intervention to be provided under the rules of civil law rather than criminal law.

Question 39

Roman civil law and canon law made distinctions between juveniles and adults based on the notion of ______.

A) criminal intent
B) age of responsibility
C) lex talionis
D) parens patriae

Question 40

The casework approach to juvenile justice is soundly unconstitutional.

Question 41

Discuss current and future reforms within the juvenile justice system.

Question 42

Discuss and analyze contemporary challenges to the juvenile justice system.

Question 43

Discuss and analyze the discrepancies between the ideal juvenile justice system and the real juvenile justice system.

Question 44

Discuss the evolution of the juvenile justice system in the United States.

Question 45

Discuss the controversy between due process and informality within the juvenile justice system.