Deck 12: Violent Juveniles and Gangs

Question 1

Gangs involved in profit-oriented schemes frequently resort to ______ to protect their illicit businesses.

A) drug sales
B) violence
C) increased marketing
D) cyber crime

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Major gangs have made ______ an important source of income, and activities in this area have become even more lucrative with the advent of a street market for a variety of drugs.

A) sale of stolen property
B) narcotics manufacturing
C) narcotics theft
D) narcotics trafficking

Answer 2

D

Question 3

According to Thrasher (1927), gangs originate naturally during the ______ years from spontaneous playgroups, which eventually find themselves in conflict with other groups.

A) preadolescent
B) adolescent
C) early adult
D) adult

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Exposure to ______, either in the home or in the community, is considered an indicator of juvenile gun violence.

A) guns
B) pornography
C) violence
D) property crime

Question 5

When officials know that gangs are behind a good deal of the illegal activity occurring in their jurisdictions, they deny the importance of gangs for ______ reasons.

A) social
B) political
C) economic
D) jurisdictional

Question 6

The easy availability of marijuana would be classified as which type of category of risk factors for gang membership?

A) individual
B) peer group
C) neighborhood
D) school

Question 7

______ factors of gang development include place of residence, school attended, location of parks and hangouts, age, race, and nationality.

A) Sociological
B) Psychological
C) Physiological
D) Criminological

Question 8

During the 1950s and 1960s, gang development and delinquency came to be regarded as a product of social forces rather than ______ deviance.

A) individual
B) group
C) societal
D) economic

Question 9

Since the year 2000, gang problems have ______.

A) decreased dramatically
B) decreased slightly
C) increased
D) remained static

Question 10

Drinking alcohol at an early age would be classified as which type of category of risk factors for gang membership?

A) individual
B) family
C) peer group
D) school

Question 11

______ factors of gang development include dependency needs, family rejection, and impulse control.

A) Sociological
B) Psychological
C) Physiological
D) Criminological

Question 12

Cohen (1955) concluded that much delinquent behavior stems from attempts by lower-class youth to resolve status problems resulting from trying to live up to middle-class norms encountered in the ______ system.

A) juvenile justice
B) educational
C) family
D) social

Question 13

It should be noted that ______ children may provide a variety of clues or indicators of future gun violence in artwork or other similar school assignments.

A) young
B) older
C) adolescent
D) late adolescent

Question 14

American researchers consistently find that the most common weapons used in juvenile homicides are ______.

A) knives
B) clubs
C) mace
D) firearms

Question 15

Associating with friends who engage in delinquency would be classified as which type of category of risk factors for gang membership?

A) individual
B) family
C) peer group
D) neighborhood

Question 16

Juveniles who determine they cannot live up to middle-class norms often seek out others like themselves and form what Cohen called a delinquent:

A) gang.
B) organization.
C) subculture.
D) counter-culture.

Question 17

In the 1960s and 1970s, gang development was viewed as a response to injustice and oppression and was explained by which theory?

A) learning
B) routine activities
C) conflict
D) control

Question 18

Cohen (1955) emphasized that gang juveniles have a negative value system by ______ standards, which results in a "status frustration" that is acted out in a "nonutilitarian, negativistic" fashion through the vehicle of the gang.

A) lower-class
B) working-class
C) upper-class
D) middle-class

Question 19

Intense ______ that has built up from previous events is also considered to be an indicator of juvenile gun violence.

A) peer pressure
B) anger
C) frustration
D) injuries

Question 20

Female gang members have ______ than do male gang members.

A) lower levels of self-esteem
B) harsher family lives
C) lower academic success
D) much less violence

Question 21

Larger cities continue to exhibit the lowest rates of prevalence for gang activity when compared to smaller cities, suburban regions, or rural counties.

Question 22

Although giving juveniles the benefit of the doubt in early encounters with the police and courts may be well intentioned, in the case of violent offenders at least, it is also dangerous to others.

Question 23

The ______ model intended to reduce gang crime and violence by developing a coordinated team approach to delivering services and solving problems.

A) Spergel
B) Gang of One
C) CAT
D) GREAT

Question 24

Aside from listing the risk factors that can predict likely gang involvement, it is perhaps best to view the likelihood of joining a gang as entailing multiple pushes and pulls upon the juvenile.

Question 25

Protecting the best interests of children is clearly an important goal of the juvenile justice network but so is the protection of ______.

A) the family
B) society
C) social strata
D) socioeconomic status

Question 26

Every city with a population of 250,000 or more reported the presence of gangs.

Question 27

Gang crimes units and specialists have emerged in most large urban, and some medium-sized city, police departments.

Question 28

An unwillingness to confront the basic ______ factors underlying gang involvement limits available response options to reacting to the actions of gang members after the action has occurred.

A) psychological
B) socioeconomic
C) political
D) physiological

Question 29

Programs that focus on changing the ______ of communities, by reducing pro-delinquent opportunities and promoting prosocial opportunities, will most likely provide the greatest return on investment in terms of effectively addressing the root causes of gang membership and violence.

A) structure
B) demographic makeup
C) socioeconomic status
D) class status

Question 30

Gangs never migrate to smaller cities and towns to avoid the intense competition of drug trafficking in the cities.

Question 31

Although the proportion of juveniles who commit violent crimes is relatively small, this group commits a small number of offenses.

Question 32

It is clear that the more risk factors experienced by the youth, the more likely he or she is to join a gang.

Question 33

Gangs in prisons tend to be aligned on ______ loyalties, which also is true in most juvenile institutions.

A) neighborhood
B) family
C) gender
D) racial

Question 34

The sharp decline in homicides by known juvenile offenders between 1994 and 2001 was attributable entirely to a decline in homicides by firearm.

Question 35

Many gangs throughout the United States have developed along racial or ethnic lines.

Question 36

Legislative attempts to solve crime problems by passing tougher laws, such as mandatory sentencing laws (e.g., for drug crimes) and "three strikes" laws (after the third offense, they "throw away the key"), have resulted in desirable outcomes.

Question 37

Gang members ranging from 8 to 55 years of age have been detected throughout the United States.

Question 38

Failure of institutions such as the family, police, and corrections became the focal point of those representing the conservative viewpoint, obviating the need to deal with the social structure and conditions that were the focus of the liberal camp.

Question 39

It has been indicated that the police, public, and the press may help to create and unify gangs by attributing to gangs numerous acts that gangs did not commit.

Question 40

In areas of serious deprivation and where few prosocial opportunities exist, the prospect of joining a gang is decreased.

Question 41

Discuss the role of firearms in youth violence.

Question 42

Discuss the history and current status of gangs in the United States.

Question 43

Why do gangs develop? Who joins them and why?

Question 44

Discuss the relationship between gangs, violence, and drugs.

Question 45

Discuss public and private responses to gang activities.

Question 46

Discuss alternatives to incarceration for violent juveniles.

Question 47

Discuss the characteristics of gang membership.

Question 48

Discuss the relationship between delinquency and gang membership.