Deck 3: Self and Social and Moral Development

Question 1

Sally is in the stage Erikson calls initiative vs. guilt. Her parents supervise her closely and direct all her activities. The danger is that Sally may

A) develop an exaggerated sense of her own abilities.
B) eventually grow to mistrust her parents.
C) have difficulty trusting her own judgment.
D) not learn that some things should never be done.

Answer 1

have difficulty trusting her own judgment.

Question 2

What does a conflict such as initiative vs. guilt represent in Erikson's theory?

A) A developmental crisis
B) Cognitive dissonance
C) Disequilibration
D) Equilibration

Answer 2

A developmental crisis

Question 3

Which of the following is the defining characteristic of bulimia?

A) Limited food intake
B) High BMI
C) Low BMI
D) Binge eating followed by purging

Answer 3

Binge eating followed by purging

Question 4

Children experiencing the Eriksonian conflict of trust vs. mistrust are also in what Piagetian stage?

A) Concrete operations
B) Formal operations
C) Preoperational thought
D) Sensorimotor

Question 5

Francis is no longer satisfied with pretending he has a place of his own. He's in the third grade now and old enough to build a real playhouse. He sets to work with boards and cardboard and takes great pleasure in the completed project. Francis is at the stage of

A) autonomy vs. doubt and shame.
B) generativity vs. self-absorption.
C) identity vs. role diffusion.
D) industry vs. inferiority.

Question 6

Which adult seems to be well informed and have the right idea about children's handedness?

A) "You don't want Alissa to be left-handed. Encourage her to use her right hand."
B) "Stop trying to make Aden right-handed. Handedness is genetic."
C) "Leave Michelle alone. It's too late to change her handedness."
D) "Teach Mark to use both hands equally. If you train him early, he'll do well with both hands."

Question 7

Which level of government is responsible for child protection laws?

A) Municipal
B) Provincial
C) Federal
D) All levels of government

Question 8

Adults who were rejected by peers when they were children tend to have

A) fewer problems than adults whose childhoods were without caring adults.
B) friends who are socially competent and mature, even though their childhoods were essentially friendless.
C) higher self-esteem than adults who were socially competent as children.
D) more problems than adults who had close friends when they were children.

Question 9

The way that children resolve the autonomy vs. shame and doubt crisis influences their later sense of

A) attachment to the family.
B) confidence in their own abilities.
C) cooperation in groups.
D) evaluation of new ideas.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model of human development?

A) the mesosystem is another word for the teacher.
B) the microsystem refers to the society at large and how it influences the individual.
C) The family is more important than the school environment for human development.
D) the parent's work place is a sample setting within the exosystem that influences the development of the child.

Question 11

Which one of Erikson's crises would you be LEAST likely to encounter in a K-12 classroom?

A) Identity vs. inferiority
B) Identity vs. role confusion
C) Initiative vs. guilt
D) Integrity vs. despair

Question 12

In which contextual category would you find immediate family within Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model?

A) Exosystem
B) Macrosystem
C) Microsystem
D) Chronosystem

Question 13

Erikson's notion of developmental crises can be defined as a

A) concern with parental control and self-determination.
B) conflict between a positive and an unhealthy alternative.
C) conflict between physical growth and cognitive growth.
D) puzzle that may assist a person's cognitive development.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement on physical activity for school students?

A) Physical activity may influence cognitive development.
B) The Canadian government recommends 90 minutes of daily physical activity.
C) Students with disabilities have fewer opportunities for physical activity in comparison to their peers.
D) More than three quarters of Canadian students reach federal recommendations for physical activity.

Question 15

One of the girls in Mr. Kent's class is shy and has difficulty making friends. Her social skills are immature and awkward. She usually walks to class alone, holds her head down, avoids contact with other students, and tries not to speak up in class. Based on the categories of children's popularity, this girl's behaviour fits which category?

A) Neglected
B) Rejected aggressive
C) Rejected withdrawn
D) Controversial

Question 16

Based on general statistics, which one of the following students is most likely to have fewer problems associated with timing of maturation?

A) Hayden, a broad-shouldered boy who experiences spermarche around age 11
B) Kelli, who is taller than other girls her age and is maturing earlier
C) Jason, a boy who shows signs of maturity a bit later than other boys his age
D) Claire, who experiences menarche just before her 15^th birthday

Question 17

Erik Erikson interprets development from the perspective of what theory?

A) Psychosexual
B) Psychosocial
C) Psychosomatic
D) Sociocultural

Question 18

Which of the following parenting styles is characterized by low parental warmth and low control?

A) Authoritarian
B) Authoritative
C) Permissive
D) Rejecting/Neglecting

Question 19

Which of the following parenting styles is characterized by highly controlling behaviour but low in warmth?

A) Authoritarian
B) Authoritative
C) Permissive
D) Rejecting/Neglecting

Question 20

The emphasis in Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development theory is on

A) behaviours and their consequences.
B) the development of moral values.
C) the formation of a personal identity.
D) the process of acculturation in school settings.

Question 21

George attends a rural middle school in Virginia. On standardized achievement tests given in George's school, the school average is near the national average. George's friend Harold attends an elite private school in Washington, D.C. The average score of students at Harold's school on the same achievement measure is well above the national average. According to Marsh, George is more likely to feel better about his abilities than does Harold, even though both boys received high scores on the test. What developmental concept is illustrated?

A) "Big Fish, Little Pond"
B) Gradual development
C) Identity diffusion
D) Moratorium

Question 22

By definition, self-esteem is associated with

A) the academic skill set you are able to achieve.
B) your perception of others' opinions about you.
C) Your value judgment about your self-worth.
D) the value you place on others' opinions

Question 23

Based on recent studies, which of the following children is likely to have the greatest difficulty with assessing the intention of others?

A) Bart, a ten-year-old with high self-esteem
B) Enid, an aggressive three-year-old
C) Liliana, a passive five-year-old
D) Philip, an aggressive nine-year-old

Question 24

The development of children's self-concept evolves by means of

A) constant self-evaluation in many different situations.
B) contrasting themselves with their peers.
C) differentiating between their skills and those of their peers.
D) gauging the verbal reactions of significant others.

Question 25

The difference between self-concept and self-esteem is that

A) self-concept is an affective reaction while self-esteem is a cognitive structure.
B) self-concept is a cognitive structure while self-esteem is an affective reaction.
C) self-esteem is a general concept while self-concept is specific to a given situation.
D) there is actually little or no difference between self-esteem and self-concept.

Question 26

Seventeen-year-old Carl has considered several career options and has developed a firm career goal. Carl is experiencing

A) identity achievement.
B) identity diffusion.
C) identity foreclosure.
D) moratorium.

Question 27

Which of James Marcia's categories of identity status is characterized by gradual exploration and a delay in commitment to personal and occupational choices?

A) Diffusion
B) Conventional
C) Foreclosure
D) Moratorium

Question 28

Sue is presented with a moral dilemma and responds that she would act in a certain way to please her parents. The moral reasoning stage reflected is

A) conventional.
B) nonconventional.
C) postconventional.
D) preconventional.

Question 29

Which of the following is a statement of self-concept?

A) I remember the first day of high school when I didn't know anyone else or have a clue about what to do or where to go.
B) I plan to go to college and major in music, but I don't know what I'll do after that.
C) I don't have very many books on my shelves because I don't like to read paper copies.
D) I am not good at solving interpersonal conflicts, but I am good at solving math problems.

Question 30

The implication of the "Big Fish, Little Pond" idea is that

A) children in "average" schools may feel better about their own abilities than those in "high-ability" schools.
B) larger schools are likely to promote higher achievement than smaller schools.
C) self-concept is lower when competition is weaker than when it is stronger.
D) smaller schools offer limited opportunities for self-concept to develop.

Question 31

Which one of the following students is expected to have the highest self-esteem?

A) Charlene, who won the tennis tournament after the number one seed was injured
B) Jennifer, who scored highest in her class on the physics exam even though she hated physics
C) Richard, who won Best-of-Class in a statewide modelling competition
D) Terry, who became class president after the elected president moved to a new school

Question 32

The school and the neighbourhood first become highly important influences during what Eriksonian stage?

A) Autonomy vs. shame
B) Generativity vs. stagnation
C) Industry vs. inferiority
D) Intimacy vs. isolation

Question 33

Frank said, "If I were starving, I'd steal a loaf of bread, but it would be wrong and against the law." According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, what level of moral reasoning does Frank demonstrate?

A) Conventional
B) Nonconventional
C) Preconventional
D) Postconventional

Question 34

Ever since Maida was a child, her parents talked about the possibility of her becoming a doctor. They brought her chemistry sets and equipment, such as stethoscopes and tongue depressors. When Maida entered college, she enrolled in the pre-medical program without even considering other options. What category of identity status is she exhibiting?

A) Identity achievement.
B) Identity diffusion.
C) Identity foreclosure.
D) Moratorium.

Question 35

Programs designed to increase students' self-esteem such as "Student of the Month" have

A) had little effect on increasing self-esteem.
B) are relevant only for certain ethnic cultures.
C) have a great influence on increasing students' self-esteem.
D) should be used only in special education classes.

Question 36

Which of the following children seems to have the most well-developed theory of mind?

A) Stefano's favourite flavor of popsicle is green, so he told his mom to give his friend a green popsicle too.
B) Gina saved a seat for her friend, but the friend sat next to someone else. Gina didn't really care. She was interested in the play.
C) Darby realized that Bryson didn't mean to step on her when he moved his desk into place for group work, so she didn't make an issue of it.
D) Grant apologized for breaking his friend's toy after his friend threatened to tell his mom about the incident. Grant knew his mom would make him apologize.

Question 37

Jerry has become active with a group working to save Canada's topsoil. He believes that steps must be taken to prevent food shortages 100 years from now. George's situation represents Erikson's concern for

A) generativity.
B) integrity.
C) isolation.
D) self-absorption.

Question 38

Vic was struggling with a difficult math exam. Abbey, an A+ student, was not covering her paper, so Vic decided to copy some of her answers in order to avoid having to try solving the rest of the problems himself. What level of moral reasoning did Vic demonstrate?

A) Conventional
B) Nonconventional
C) Postconventional
D) Preconventional

Question 39

Christine can't decide what she wants to pursue when she graduates from high school this year. "Life is so confusing," she thinks to herself. "Perhaps it is best not to think about these decisions at all." Christine is experiencing

A) identity achievement.
B) identity diffusion.
C) identity foreclosure.
D) moratorium.

Question 40

Woolfolk has suggested that self-esteem is probably increased the most by

A) demonstrating competence in valued knowledge domains.
B) demonstrating understanding in school subjects.
C) having a rich and diverse social life.
D) receiving public recognition and rewards.

Question 41

Research has shown that students who watch others behaving aggressively

A) become more aggressive.
B) become more passive.
C) do not change their behaviour.
D) tolerate less aggression among peers.

Question 42

Canadian researchers using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth, have demonstrated that

A) children will react aggressively to "Bobo" dolls after watching adults behave aggressively.
B) strong associations exist between family membership and family functioning and aggressive behaviour.
C) siblings are the greatest source of aggressive models.
D) socioeconomic status is the strongest predictor of young adult aggressive behaviour.

Question 43

Research shows that boys enter puberty earlier than girls.

Question 44

Peer cultures are relatively small friendship-based groups.

Question 45

Erikson, like Piaget, saw development as a passage through a series of interdependent stages.

Question 46

Children's failure to gain a sense of industry may result in feelings of inferiority.

Question 47

According to Woolfolk, one of the best ways to prevent cheating in a classroom is to

A) make every attempt to avoid placing learners in high-pressure situations.
B) inform students you will call their parents if they are caught cheating.
C) ignore the first cheating behaviour because students typically do not cheat on a regular basis.
D) emphasize why grades are so important to the learning process.

Question 48

Jonathan Haidt's research identifies three key principles that comprise his Social Intuitionist Model. Which of the following statements represents one of his key principles?

A) Reasoning comes first, and intuition comes second in moral judgment.
B) Moral judgment is based on justice and welfare.
C) There is more to morality that fairness and harm.
D) Moral judgment binds groups with shared beliefs and makes them more open to moral beliefs of other groups.

Question 49

One of the most hotly debated criticisms of Kohlberg's moral reasoning theory is that his theory is based on a longitudinal study that favours

A) Western values and individualism.
B) non-Western values and collectivism.
C) Western female values and the ethic of care.
D) Western male values and individualism.

Question 50

Mrs. Fuller is dealing with a classroom management issue involving an argument in one of her groups. The second graders were working at the math centre and discussing the best way to share the make-believe pizza. Tomas said he should have more than the other children because he is bigger. Mrs. Fuller is dealing with an issue that is best described as:

A) social convention
B) distributive justice
C) personal choice
D) morality of cooperation

Question 51

Relational aggression involves

A) physical abuse between siblings.
B) threatening or damaging social relationships.
C) being assertive about one's rights.
D) inflicting intentional harm.

Question 52

If a teacher suspects a child is being abused or neglected, they must alert the principal, counsellor, or a school social worker.

Question 53

In addition to self-concept, what other influences affect moral behaviour?

A) Caring and correction
B) External standards and integration
C) Internalization and modelling
D) Valuing justice and sharing

Question 54

The authoritative parenting style is marked by warmth while still setting clear limits for behaviour and enforcing rules that are clearly explained.

Question 55

Play stimulates the brain at all ages and may help with cognitive development.

Question 56

According to Erikson, children's first development crisis is resolving initiative vs. guilt.

Question 57

Approximately two-thirds of people with eating disorders actually receive treatment and get help.

Question 58

Rejected withdrawn children more likely to commit crimes as they grow older.

Question 59

In a state of moral realism, a young child is likely to believe that

A) a person's intentions are really what matters, rather than results.
B) hitting two children deserves a stronger punishment than hitting one child.
C) misbehaving in school always merits punishment of some severe form.
D) punishment is rarely justified even though the behaviour was undesirable.

Question 60

Bulimia is an eating disorder marked by eating practically nothing while often exercising obsessively.

Question 61

When individuals adopt external standards as their own, they are internalizing those standards.

Question 62

The basic difference between self-concept and self-esteem is that self-concept is a cognitive structure while self-esteem is an affective structure.

Question 63

Aggression and assertiveness are synonymous behaviours.

Question 64

Students experience the greatest increases in self-esteem when they grow more competent in the areas that their parents value.

Question 65

Children experiencing the Eriksonian conflict of trust vs. mistrust are in Piaget's ________ stage.

Question 66

Adolescents who do not experiment with different identities or consider a range of options are experiencing identity diffusion.

Question 67

A successful means of dealing with the adolescent identity crisis is identity foreclosure.

Question 68

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner, families and teachers are part of a child's ________.

Question 69

Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory, which describes the social and cultural contexts of development is referred to as his ________ model of development.

Question 70

Stepbrothers and half-sisters who live in the same household belong to ________ families.

Question 71

Being recognized as a "good" child by one's parents is especially important at the preconventional stage of moral development.

Question 72

Teachers who observe children with frequent, severe bruises and other signs of physical and behavioural trauma should be alerted to the possibility of ________.

Question 73

The eating disorder that involves binge eating followed by purging, fasting, or excessive exercise is ________.

Question 74

According to Erikson, adolescents who are having difficulty with identity choices are experiencing a moratorium.

Question 75

Children whose parents are divorcing can benefit from authoritative teachers.

Question 76

Academic self-concept influences students' course selection.

Question 77

Erikson examined individual development using his ________ theory.

Question 78

________ marks the beginning of sexual maturity.

Question 79

According to Erikson's theory, primary school students strive to avoid feeling ________ when they are not allowed to do certain things on their own.

Question 80

The development of perspective-taking continues from early childhood to adulthood.