Deck 11: Social Psychology

Question 1

George is normally loud and boisterous, but he uses a soft voice when speaking to a police officer. This change in voice occurs through

A) the bystander-effect.
B) the principle of proximity.
C) situationism.
D) an in-group bias.
E) the matching hypothesis.

Answer 1

situationism.

Question 2

In Hawaii, few business meetings involve people wearing formal suits. To fit in, someone who is from the U.S. mainland who is used to wearing suits will have to

A) experience blind obedience.
B) learn norm crystallization.
C) adjust to new social norms.
D) experience the Milgram effect.
E) diffuse responsibility.

Answer 2

adjust to new social norms.

Question 3

Close, friendly groups usually work well together, but they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity called

A) fundamental attribution error.
B) groupthink.
C) generational identity.
D) self-serving bias.
E) social facilitation.

Answer 3

groupthink.

Question 4

Carlos and his work associates form a close, friendly group, and they usually work well together. However, they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity called

A) fundamental attribution error.
B) generational identity.
C) groupthink.
D) self-serving bias.
E) the proximity effect.

Question 5

"Look! Up in the sky! It's a bird. It's a plane. It's Superman!" If you looked up, would you be conforming?

A) Yes. You would be looking up because you were told to do so.
B) No. Conformity requires that you base your behavior on what other people are doing, not being told to do so.
C) Yes. Conformity means doing what you are told or else.
D) No. Looking up only means you are curious.
E) No. Looking up was a voluntary action, while conformity refers to reflexive actions.

Question 6

The prime minister notices that her closest advisors never seem to disagree with her or with each other on a lot of important issues, such as arms control. She worries that she is not getting the pros and cons of different issues because her advisors are engaging in

A) latent obedience.
B) intrinsic reinforcement.
C) latent learning.
D) groupthink.
E) bystander apathy.

Question 7

The Asch effect would be expected to operate in cases where

A) there is secret balloting to decide the new class president.
B) jurors discuss whether someone is guilty in a jury trial.
C) an entire class is getting high grades on a psychology exam.
D) people write responses to an essay contest on "Why I Love America."
E) a doctor must determine her patient's diagnosis independently.

Question 8

The key determinant of individual behavior, according to social psychology, is the

A) social situation.
B) individual's personality.
C) person's temperament.
D) bystander effect.
E) individual's upbringing.

Question 9

Drew is Jewish, but today he will attend a Lutheran church with his friend, Cheryl. If Drew were to ________, it would be an example of the Asch effect.

A) try to convert Cheryl to Judaism
B) study the Lutheran religion before going ther.
C) look for similarities between the religions
D) find things to dislike about the Lutheran faith
E) do what the other churchgoers are doin.

Question 10

A person adjusting to a new group will most likely learn about the new group norms through the process of

A) reading the group orientation manual.
B) reading about that group on an informative website.
C) trial-and-error.
D) noting the negative consequences that follow when a group member violates a group norm.
E) waiting to be corrected for socially inappropriate mistakes.

Question 11

The socially defined aspects that influence behavior are both the ________ of the individual, and the ________ of the group.

A) personal characteristics; cohesiveness
B) social role; social norms
C) beliefs; composition
D) motivation; conformity
E) likes and dislikes; friendliness

Question 12

Your friend took a security guard position to help defray the costs of tuition. When you stopped by to visit him on the job, you found he was acting differently. He was more serious and professional. Your friend was using ________ to guide his actions as a guard, which were likely learned from film or literature depictions of security guards.

A) instinct.
B) personal history
C) media-produced stereotypes
D) script.
E) inventories

Question 13

People are more likely to conform when

A) a judgment task is ambiguous.
B) group members are perceived as biased.
C) their responses are kept private.
D) they have an ally who also goes against the group.
E) the group is 1-2 people.

Question 14

Situation is to behavioral context as disposition is to

A) thought.
B) social standards.
C) inner characteristics.
D) maturation.
E) childhood rearing.

Question 15

People are least likely to conform when

A) a judgment task is unambiguous.
B) the group has a cohesive opinion.
C) group members are competent.
D) voting is public.
E) the group size is three or more.

Question 16

The fact that many Americans do not approve of public nudity is most likely due to

A) mutual interdependence.
B) social reality.
C) social loafing.
D) prevailing social norms.
E) cognitive dissonance.

Question 17

It is 1951, and you are required to participate in a perception experiment. You join seven others seated in a room. You are shown a 10-inch test line and must choose the line that matches it in length from a choice of three lines. The experimenter, Solomon Asch, is studying

A) bystander apathy.
B) social loafing.
C) groupthink.
D) conformity.
E) interpersonal attraction.

Question 18

Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express very negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. Vince's behavior is an example of

A) compliance.
B) persuasion.
C) conformity.
D) obedience.
E) prejudice.

Question 19

After a group of gang members learned that their friend had died in a seemingly random accident, several of the friends started blaming a rival gang for the death. Even though there was no evidence whatsoever that the death had been intentional, the more the friends talked, the more passionate they became in their belief that an act of revenge was necessary. What concept from social psychology may contribute to an act of violent revenge in this case?

A) social influence
B) prosocial behavio.
C) altruism
D) groupthin.
E) social loafing

Question 20

A social psychologist would explain your behavior at a party with many people you do not know as strongly determined by

A) what you have had to eat and drink.
B) your level of shyness.
C) how you have behaved at other parties.
D) the time and place of the party.
E) how others are behaving.

Question 21

Upon arriving at college and meeting your roommate, you sigh mightily as you listen to his endless droning on about how wonderful his girlfriend back home is. "I miss her so much and I can't wait to see her during Thanksgiving break," he comments. Knowing a bit about social psychology and the rules of interpersonal attraction, what are you most likely to think to yourself?

A) This relationship is doomed because the principle of proximity says that people are most attracted to those who are nearby, not far away.
B) I'm going to have to listen to this all year because relationships that have some distance usually get stronger in the long run.
C) I wish he'd realize that everything he's saying makes it sound like they are too similar for each other, and people who date others with whom they share a lot of similarities usually end up breaking up.
D) This relationship will never work out because research suggests that students going away to college change so much that they become unrecognizable to those with whom they formerly had relationships.

Question 22

The obedience effect is much stronger when

A) the relative status of the authority figure to the subject is low.
B) there is no direct surveillance of the subject by the authority figure.
C) there is little remoteness of victim from subject.
D) a peer first models obedience to the authority figure.
E) two authority figures give conflicting commands.

Question 23

The Kitty Genovese case depicts

A) social loafing.
B) group polarization.
C) the bystander intervention problem.
D) obedience to authority.
E) social facilitation.

Question 24

In a crowded mall parking lot, dozens of people hear a female voice yell, "He's killing me!" Yet no one calls the police. What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latané?

A) People are too busy to respond.
B) Most people "do not want to become involved..
C) The fight-or-flight response is not activated when others are in danger.
D) Diffusion of responsibility is the reason most people do not respond.
E) Social loafing is the reason why people do not respond.

Question 25

Which statement best describes an important finding of Milgram's classic research?

A) Individuals easily conform to group norms.
B) The presence of other people makes aggression more likely.
C) People will easily obey an authority figure and do harm to others.
D) Agreeing to a small request makes it more likely that you will agree to a big request.
E) People will take leave of their own opinions just to "be like" a larger group.

Question 26

A key implication of Stanley Milgram's research is that

A) discrimination is widespread across the United States.
B) the bystander effect occurs in vague conditions.
C) conformity is limited to laboratory studies.
D) the similarity principle can explain the authoritarian personality.
E) the power of the situation can induce an ordinary person to harm another.

Question 27

When there is a large group of bystanders, individuals are likely to experience

A) diffusion of responsibility.
B) peer pressure.
C) blind obedience.
D) situationism.
E) the similarity principle.

Question 28

Which of these strangers is most likely to help a woman who has fainted at the mall?

A) Erika, who has had CPR trainin.
B) Leah, who is late for piano practice
C) Sara, who is delivering pizza
D) Matt, who is homeless
E) Zeb, who is a famous acto.

Question 29

Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. How are these 100 people likely to respond?

A) The majority would administer 450 volts as instructed.
B) The majority would immediately realize the use of deception and leave.
C) Most of the women would refuse to obey, whereas almost all of the men would obey.
D) Most of the participants would work together to force the experimenter to end the experiment.
E) The men would give strong voltage shocks, but only to female "Learners."

Question 30

The decision to invade Iraq in 2003 may represent an instance of

A) obedience.
B) scapegoating.
C) groupthink.
D) prejudice.
E) None of these answers are correct.

Question 31

If Tess has lost her contact lens, she is most likely to get help from others if she

A) says aloud, "Will someone please help me?.
B) specifically asks one person for help.
C) stays quiet and starts searching.
D) begins crying loudly.
E) is obviously in a hurry.

Question 32

"I adore the girl next door." This phrase refers to what principle of attraction?

A) saturation effect
B) proximit.
C) birds-of-a-feather effec.
D) foot-in-the-door effect
E) the matching hypothesis

Question 33

A social psychologist has been invited to give a community lecture on the importance of Milgram's research. He asks a social psychology class for suggested titles. Which of the following titles might they suggest as the most appropriate?

A) "Obedience and Aggression Are Inborn.
B) "Do Not Underestimate the Power of Perceived Authority.
C) "Training in Ethics Can Overcome the Pull of Obedience"
D) "Make a Small Request First and the World Can Be Yours"
E) "The Jigsaw Classroom and Reducing Racism"

Question 34

In the best relationships, we tend to

A) give more than we receive.
B) create a social reality.
C) demand more than we receive.
D) avoid social exchange.
E) both give and receive rewards.

Question 35

As a result of diffusion of responsibility, people in a bystander situation tend to

A) obey authority figures.
B) do what others do.
C) be attracted to those similar to themselves.
D) be less likely to help others.
E) try to control others' behavior.

Question 36

The cliché "absence makes the heart grow fonder" contradicts which of the principles of interpersonal attraction?

A) reciprocal liking
B) physical attractivenes.
C) similarity
D) proximit.
E) complementarity

Question 37

A car crash woke John from his afternoon nap. When he looked out his apartment window, he saw several people milling around two smashed cars. He decided not to dial 911 because he assumed someone had already called. John's reaction is an example of

A) the bystander intervention problem.
B) pluralistic compliance.
C) obedience to authority.
D) conformity to social norms.
E) social loafing.

Question 38

The high school football team viewed the opposing team as not only competitors but as the

A) progroup.
B) antigroup.
C) ingroup.
D) outgroup.
E) regroup.

Question 39

According to the research of Latané and Darley, which of the following situations would be the most likely in which someone would offer to help?

A) a person on the side of the road with a flat tire during rush hour
B) a person asking for help in a crowded stadium parking lot
C) a person falling down coming out of an elevator with only one other person in i.
D) a student falling off a ladder outside a full classroo.
E) a mechanic in a crowded garage who drops a heavy tool on his foot

Question 40

The results of Milgram's studies of obedience challenges the myth that

A) bystanders rarely intervene.
B) relative status has minimal influence on obedience.
C) only certain people would blindly follow orders to harm another.
D) women are more obedient than men.
E) A and D are correct.

Question 41

If Calvin is average in terms of his looks, he may not ask the gorgeous Giselle to go on a date with him because he believes that he will be rejected or that eventually the relationship would not work out. Thus, the ________ affected Calvin's decision to not ask Giselle to go out with him.

A) diffusion of responsibility theory
B) principle of proximity
C) fundamental attribution error
D) expectancy-value theor.
E) Asch effec.

Question 42

Luis picks up a pack of cigarettes and reads, "Cigarette smoking is harmful to your health." Which one of the following statements leads one to believe Luis is actually having cognitive dissonance?

A) "I've been smoking my whole life and I don't have health problems..
B) "No one I know who smokes is sick."
C) "I know these cigarettes are killing me, but I just can't stop..
D) "That is not true. Cigarettes are not that harmful."
E) "I heard that light cigarettes are better for you, but I don't believe it."

Question 43

The World-Will-End-on-June-7 group got together on June 7 to pray as the world ended. The next day the world did not end. The leader of the group said, "Our prayers saved the world." What process was responsible for the attitude change?

A) operant conditionin.
B) cognitive dissonanc.
C) classical conditioning
D) positive reinforcement
E) scapegoating

Question 44

Sally labels the driver who cuts her off in rush hour traffic an "idiot." This is an example of

A) cognitive dissonance.
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) social norm validation.
D) the fundamental attribution error.
E) prejudice.

Question 45

Herbie and Irene have been married for almost 55 years. Through it all, they have remained committed to each other and have been as close as two people can be. Over the years the passion has waned but they still stayed together. Sternberg would call this type of love

A) consummate.
B) romantic.
C) intimate.
D) companionate.
E) empty.

Question 46

John is better friends with Michelle, who sits one seat next to him, than Janie, who sits four seats away from him, even though both Michelle and Janie were strangers when their semester began. John's attraction highlights the influence of the

A) theory of social reality.
B) principle of closure.
C) principle of proximity.
D) rule of self-disclosure.
E) cognitive dissonance theory.

Question 47

To reduce cognitive dissonance, people must

A) admit to others that they are wrong.
B) completely leave the situation.
C) understand themselves better.
D) improve their own self-esteem.
E) change their behaviors or thoughts.

Question 48

Which statement is the best explanation of the fundamental attribution error?

A) We attribute most of what people do to the influence of situations.
B) We rely on the first information we receive to make internal attributions.
C) We are more likely to attribute another's behavior to internal rather than to situational causes.
D) We tend to attribute our successes to our own efforts and failures to the shortcomings of others.
E) We assume that others are generally guided by external loci of control, while we assume that we're guided by internal loci of control.

Question 49

Hans and Rodney are both on the chess team, while Brian is on the debate team. The ________ would predict that Hans is more likely to be friends with ________.

A) proximity principle; Bria.
B) attribution theory; Rodney
C) similarity principle; Rodne.
D) Asch effect; Rodney
E) oppositional theory; Brian

Question 50

The fact that Vincent has ________ may account for his marriage to Amy, who has very little respect for him.

A) oodles of sex-appeal
B) high self-estee.
C) cognitive dissonance
D) low self-estee.
E) a self-serving bias

Question 51

Jada is a Republican, but she is currently working for a Democratic candidate. As a result of ________, Jada may shift her political views.

A) scapegoatin.
B) prejudice
C) discrimination
D) a self-serving bias
E) cognitive dissonanc.

Question 52

People with low self-esteem would tend to gravitate toward

A) authoritarian personalities.
B) a physically attractive person.
C) persons who are approved of by their parents.
D) people who see them as they see themselves.
E) people who will boost their self-esteem.

Question 53

Your best friend has been acting rather cool toward you lately. As you try to figure out why, you are engaging in the process called

A) attribution.
B) causal analysis.
C) ascribing values.
D) nonverbal communication.
E) social facilitation.

Question 54

Tad gets an A in his psychology finals. When he tells his mother, she praises him for his brilliance. Tad's mother has committed which error?

A) parental myopia
B) fundamental attribution erro.
C) authoritarian error
D) self-serving bia.
E) cognitive dissonance error

Question 55

"Birds of a feather flock together" is a phrase that refers to

A) similarity.
B) reinforcement.
C) self-disclosure.
D) emotional expression.
E) proximity.

Question 56

The cliché "familiarity breeds contempt" contradicts which of the principles of interpersonal attraction?

A) reciprocal liking
B) physical attractivenes.
C) similarity
D) proximit.
E) scapegoating

Question 57

You observe a person at the grocery store get angry and yell at the cashier. Which of these attributions illustrates the fundamental attribution error?

A) The yeller is a mean, angry person.
B) The cashier is overworked.
C) The yeller has had a bad day.
D) The cashier has had a bad day.
E) That guy is really very upset right now.

Question 58

A smoker illustrates the process of ________ when he claims that the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is not very convincing.

A) cognitive dissonanc.
B) diffusion of responsibility
C) disbelief
D) normative influence
E) cohesivenes.

Question 59

People who were hazed during a group initiation ceremony may come to highly value the group through the process of

A) attributional guilt.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) situationism.
D) diffusion of responsibility.
E) prejudice.

Question 60

Two Internet buddies decide to marry after years of corresponding through the mail, but they have never met one another. This situation reflects the attraction exerted by

A) self-disclosure.
B) proximity.
C) conformity.
D) in-grouping.
E) cognitive dissonance.

Question 61

Increased contact between two warring groups has a tendency to

A) reinforce the belief that the outgroup is homogenous.
B) solidify preexisting stereotypes.
C) showcase similarities between the groups.
D) prevent prejudicial beliefs from worsening at best.
E) enhance the tendency of each group to look for reasons to dislike each other.

Question 62

Describe Sternberg's triangular theory of love.

Question 63

Which social psychology theory best explains the fact that the majority of the riots that took place following the trial of the police officers accused of beating Rodney King did not take place in White neighborhoods, but rather in the neighborhoods of Asian Americans and Asians who had recently immigrated to the United States?

A) scapegoatin.
B) social diffusion
C) the bystander intervention problem
D) prejudic.
E) groupthink

Question 64

Prejudice is to discrimination as

A) attitude is to behavior.
B) behavior is to attitude.
C) neutral is to negative.
D) stereotype is to feeling.
E) central is to peripheral.

Question 65

Dave believes all college professors are irritable, impatient, and uninterested in whether students learn. His belief is an example of

A) consensus.
B) impressions.
C) an attitude.
D) a prejudice.
E) a stereotype.

Question 66

Prejudice refers to

A) a negative judgment of others.
B) either negative or positive judgments of others.
C) harming groups we do not like.
D) None of these answers are correct.

Question 67

When Ramon uses a self-serving bias, he is likely to believe that

A) Kristin will go out on a date with him.
B) he will not beat Kevin in racquetball.
C) his friend, Emma, got an A in her anatomy class, because she is brilliant.
D) other people will agree with his political views.
E) it is his teacher's fault that he failed his chemistry test.

Question 68

A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans.officer's belief is an example of _________.al to grant them loans is an example of _________.

A) discrimination; prejudic.
B) stereotyping; attribution
C) attribution; stereotyping
D) prejudice; discrimination
E) bias; prejudice

Question 69

An antismoking ad that shows the "Marlboro Man" as sickly, coughing, and needing a respirator would make use of

A) the power of authority.
B) conformity.
C) scapegoating.
D) social validation.
E) the poison parasite argument.

Question 70

Luther operates a small nightclub that specializes in soul music and features up-and-coming African American singing groups. He actively discourages White couples from coming in and always gives them the worst seats if they insist on being admitted. Luther's behavior is BEST described as an example of

A) prejudice.
B) ambiguity.
C) discrimination.
D) oppression.
E) scapegoating.

Question 71

When we look at what occurred at Abu Ghraib prison and even in the Stanford Prison Experiment, it is quite clear that these situations were created by

A) graduate students.
B) governments.
C) "a few bad apples."
D) systems.
E) friends.

Question 72

What actual event could have been predicted based on the results of Zimbardo's classic prisoner study at Stanford University?

A) the prison break at Attica prison in New Yor.
B) the events in Waco, Texas, in which followers of a cult were killed by government agents
C) the events at Abu Ghraib prison in Ira.
D) the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001
E) the impeachment of President Bill Clinton

Question 73

Describe the four factors that underlie interpersonal attraction.

Question 74

Prejudice is a(n) _________, whereas discrimination is a(n) ________.

A) dislike; hatre.
Often motivated by prejudice.
B) hatred; dislike
C) behavior; attitude
D) attitude; behavior
E) attribution; attitude

Question 75

A landlord who refuses to rent an apartment to a gay person is

A) conforming to prevailing social attitudes.
B) discriminating.
C) a compassionate conservative.
D) not a good Samaritan.
E) scapegoating.

Question 76

When people of various races are playing on the same soccer team, they are involved in

A) equal status contact.
B) general adaptation syndrome.
C) mutual conformity.
D) equal context conflict.
E) contextual ambiguity.

Question 77

Describe the methods and results of the Milgram studies of obedience.

Question 78

Discuss the Asch effect and the factors that affect the conformity behaviors in his experiments.

Question 79

The ________ acts to maintain our self-esteem.

A) self-serving bias
B) fundamental attribution erro.
C) social norm bias
D) Asch effect
E) obedience effect

Question 80

Ralph, a White student who grew up in Maine, is about to enter the University of Southern California on an athletic scholarship. He is aware that many of his teammates will be Black and assumes that they will dislike him and ostracize him. Ralph's attitude is BEST described as an example of

A) prejudice.
B) ambiguity.
C) nonconformity.
D) discrimination.
E) proximity.