Deck 2: Are We Alone in the Universe? Water, Biochemistry, and Cells

Question 1

What is the name of a molecule composed of one or more sugars?

A) carbohydrate
B) lipid
C) nucleic acid
D) polypeptide

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What type of chemical bond connects the complementary strands of a DNA molecule to each other?

A) hydrogen bonds
B) ionic bonds
C) nonpolar covalent bonds
D) polar covalent bonds

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following are found in the nucleus of an atom?

A) electrons and neutrons
B) neutrons and protons
C) protons and electrons
D) neutrons, electrons, and protons

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Because the electrons in a water molecule are shared unequally between hydrogen and oxygen, water is said to be

A) hydrophobic.
B) ionic.
C) noncovalent.
D) polar.

Question 5

Each of the following is a feature of all known living things EXCEPT

A) genes made from proteins.
B) growth.
C) homeostasis.
D) metabolism.

Question 6

Nonliving things include fire, water, and viruses. Many features of living things are also found in nonliving things. Of the following features, which is most likely to be absent in nonliving things?

A) consumption of energy-containing molecules
B) homeostasis
C) reproduction
D) response to external stimuli

Question 7

What kind of bond holds the atoms of a single water molecule together?

A) hydrogen bonds
B) ionic bonds
C) covalent bonds that are not polar
D) covalent bonds that are polar

Question 8

Imagine a newly discovered biological molecule that is mostly hydrophobic in its structure. This new molecule will most likely be classified as a

A) carbohydrate.
B) lipid.
C) nucleic acid.
D) protein.

Question 9

A molecule that is composed only of chains and rings of hydrogen and carbon is called a

A) carbohydrate.
B) hydrocarbon.
C) polypeptide.
D) polysaccharide.

Question 10

What kind of bond holds two water molecules to each other?

A) hydrogen bonds
B) ionic bonds
C) nonpolar covalent bonds
D) polar covalent bonds

Question 11

What is the pH of a neutral solution?

A) 1
B) 5
C) 7
D) 9

Question 12

Which term best describes the sugar in a sugar-water solution?

A) product
B) reactant
C) solute
D) solvent

Question 13

Which term best describes the water in a sugar-water solution?

A) product
B) reactant
C) solute
D) solvent

Question 14

Which of the following pairs of molecules can be held together by a hydrogen bond?

A) one polar molecule and one nonpolar molecule
B) two ions
C) two nonpolar molecules
D) two polar molecules

Question 15

An atom will be least likely to form chemical bonds with other atoms when

A) the number of protons equals the number of electrons.
B) the number of protons equals the number of neutrons.
C) there is only one electron in the valence shell.
D) the valence shell is full of electrons.

Question 16

The atomic number of an element refers to the number of ________ in one atom of that element.

A) electrons
B) neutrons
C) protons
D) protons plus neutrons

Question 17

If life on Mars is fundamentally like life on Earth, its macromolecules will be based on which element?

A) carbon
B) hydrogen
C) nitrogen
D) oxygen

Question 18

How do the concentrations of H? and OH? compare to each other in an acidic solution?

A) The concentration of H? is higher.
B) The concentration of H? is lower.
C) The concentration of H? is the same.
D) Acidic solutions do not contain H?.

Question 19

Which macromolecule has a sugar-phosphate backbone?

A) lipid
B) nucleic acid
C) protein
D) polysaccharide

Question 20

In general, what makes one kind of amino acid different from other amino acids?

A) the amino group
B) the carboxyl group
C) the side group
D) the type of bonds

Question 21

Protons have a ________ charge and, collectively, give an element its ________.

A) negative; polarity
B) positive; atomic number
C) negative; electronegativity
D) positive; ionic charge

Question 22

Cholesterol is classified as a lipid because it contains a large proportion of

A) carbohydrates.
B) phosphates.
C) glycerol.
D) hydrocarbons.

Question 23

The ________ of an organism is defined as all the chemical processes that occur in the cells of that organism.

Question 24

A solution with a pH of 2 has an H? ion concentration that is ________ than a solution with a pH of 4.

A) 2 times higher
B) 10 times lower
C) 100 times higher
D) 1000 times lower

Question 25

________ is the ability of living things to maintain a relatively constant internal environment even when the external environment is changing.

Question 26

Oxygen in highly electronegative, meaning that it

A) pulls electrons toward itself.
B) is nonpolar.
C) repels electrons away from its nucleus and into the outermost electron shell.
D) discharges electrons readily out of the atom.

Question 27

________ are the smallest units into which an element can be broken down.

Question 28

Which of the following is nonpolar?

A) a positive ion
B) a negative ion
C) a neutral ion
D) a molecule with no partial charges

Question 29

Sodium chloride is composed of molecules that are stable when dry. In the presence of water, however, the atoms that compose the molecules separate from each other. What type of chemical bond holds the dry substance together?

A) hydrogen bonds
B) ionic bonds
C) nonpolar covalent bonds
D) polar covalent bonds

Question 30

Proteins are polymers of

A) amino acids.
B) fatty acids.
C) nucleotides.
D) sugars.

Question 31

Which pH represents an equal number of H? and OH? ions?

A) 1
B) 5
C) 7
D) 10

Question 32

Proteins are composed of monomer subunits called ________ (two words).

Question 33

Enzymes are

A) carbohydrates.
B) lipids.
C) nucleic acids.
D) proteins.

Question 34

Nucleic acids are polymers of

A) amino acids.
B) fatty acids.
C) nucleotides.
D) sugars.

Question 35

Which of the following has the lowest OH? concentration?

A) baking soda
B) pure water
C) coffee
D) battery acid

Question 36

Polysaccharides are polymers of

A) amino acids.
B) fatty acids.
C) nucleotides.
D) sugars.

Question 37

Which of the following is considered part of a life-form's metabolism?

A) secretion of wastes
B) growth and development
C) responses to external stimuli
D) reproduction

Question 38

Which of the following is an element?

A) water
B) methane
C) hydrogen
D) carbon dioxide

Question 39

Which of the following is a lipid?

A) cellulose
B) cholesterol
C) sucrose
D) ribonucleic acid

Question 40

What is the name for the ability of living things to maintain a relatively constant internal environment?

A) cellular respiration
B) homeostasis
C) metabolism
D) stimulus-response

Question 41

Inside a eukarotic cell, the organelles are located within a watery matrix called the ________.

Question 42

According to the theory of evolution, which states that all life-forms on Earth arose from a common ancestor, all living organisms

A) share a common organic chemistry.
B) have DNA within their nucleus.
C) exhibit the same basic cell wall.
D) perform the same mode of reproduction.

Question 43

Which organelle contains digestive enzymes that degrade a variety of macromolecules?

A) chloroplast
B) endoplasmic reticulum
C) lysosome
D) mitochondrion

Question 44

Proteins in cells are assembled on workbench-like structures called ________.

Question 45

The ________ is the compartment in a eukaryotic cell that stores DNA in the form of chromatin.

Question 46

The ________ (two words)defines the outer boundary of all cells, separating the cell's contents from its environment.

Question 47

Which of the following could accept one (and only one)electron?

A) carbon (atomic number = 6)
B) nitrogen (atomic number = 7)
C) oxygen (atomic number = 8)
D) hydrogen (atomic number = 1)

Question 48

Which organelle performs cellular respiration?

A) endoplasmic reticulum
B) Golgi apparatus
C) lysosome
D) mitochondrion

Question 49

Which feature is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A) mitochondrion
B) Golgi body
C) DNA
D) centriole

Question 50

Which organelle is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?

A) chloroplast
B) endoplasmic reticulum
C) centriole
D) mitochondrion

Question 51

Which organelle is a stack of membranous sacs that are involved in sorting proteins to their proper cellular location?

A) centriole
B) endoplasmic reticulum
C) Golgi apparatus
D) lysosome

Question 52

Which organelle performs photosynthesis?

A) chloroplast
B) Golgi apparatus
C) lysosome
D) mitochondrion

Question 53

Cells contain proteins that help transport substances from the exterior to the interior of the cell. Where are these proteins found?

A) Golgi apparatus
B) lysosome
C) mitochondrion
D) plasma membrane

Question 54

Use the figure to answer the following question. If two or more of these molecules are in proximity to one another, how will they bond together?

A) hydrogen bonding, with two hydrogen atoms bonded together
B) covalent bonding, with two oxygen atoms bonded together
C) hydrogen bonding, with a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom
D) ionic bonding, with a hydrogen ion bonded to an oxygen atom

Question 55

The internal membrane-bound compartments found in eukaryotic cells are called ________.

Question 56

Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments compose what part of a cell?

A) centriole
B) cholesterol
C) chromatin
D) cytoskeletal elements

Question 57

In what unit of a eukaryotic cell are ribosomes made?

A) endoplasmic reticulum
B) Golgi apparatus
C) lysosome
D) nucleolus

Question 58

What kind of molecule forms a bilayer that is the basis for all cellular membranes?

A) carbohydrate
B) cholesterol
C) phospholipid
D) protein

Question 59

Which cell component is composed of microtubules and helps move chromosomes around during cell division?

A) centriole
B) chromatin
C) cytoskeletal element
D) nucleolus

Question 60

Which organelle is represented by a network of membranes involved in the production of proteins?

A) chloroplast
B) endoplasmic reticulum
C) lysosome
D) nucleus

Question 61

Scientists believe that the first prokaryotes on Earth arose over ________ years ago, and the first eukaryotes arose about ________ years later.

A) 3.5 million; 1.7 million
B) 1.7 million; 3.5 million
C) 3.5 billion; 1.7 billion
D) 1.7 billion; 3.5 billion

Question 62

Label the parts of the plant cell.

Question 63

Mitochondria convert food energy into a high-energy molecule that is directly usable by the cell, called ________.

Question 64

Assume that a plant is suffering from drought and is beginning to wilt. Which cell component is most likely being affected, and what type of molecule is being lost from this structure?

A) endoplasmic reticulum; protein
B) Golgi apparatus; water
C) lysosome; enzymes
D) vacuole; water

Question 65

Which organelle in a scavenging white blood cell would break down bacteria that had entered the body?

Question 66

Label the parts of the animal cell.

Question 67

The plasma membrane of a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell

A) converts carbon dioxide and water into sugars.
B) isolates the cell's contents from the external environment.
C) controls protein synthesis in the cell.
D) is composed of cellulose.

Question 68

Prokaryotic cells have

A) a nucleus.
B) endoplasmic reticulum.
C) Golgi apparatus.
D) a cell wall.

Question 69

The purported fossils in meteorite ALH84001 resemble modern prokaryotes called

A) nanobacteria.
B) amoebas.
C) fungi.
D) nucleoids.

Question 70

The reactions of cellular respiration occur in the

A) nucleolus of the nucleus.
B) ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
C) matrix of the mitochondria.
D) hydrophobic core of the outermost cell plasma membrane.

Question 71

The ________ is the fundamental structural unit of life on Earth.

Question 72

Cell membranes are ________, which means that they allow certain molecules to pass through while preventing the passage of other molecules.

Question 73

The antibiotic streptomycin prevents protein synthesis in prokaryotes. Which cell component is the most likely target of this antibiotic?

A) ribosome
B) cell membrane
C) Golgi apparatus
D) cell wall

Question 74

The liquid interior of the chloroplast is called the

A) centriole.
B) chromatin.
C) Golgi apparatus.
D) stroma.

Question 75

Prokaryotic cells are generally ________ the diameter of eukaryotic cells.

A) twice
B) one-half
C) one-tenth
D) one-thousandth