Question 1

When the target information is distorted by subsequent information, this is known as which form of interference?&#10;(A)Retroactive&#10;(B)Proactive&#10;(C)Retrograde&#10;(D)Cue&#10;(E)Associative

Accepted Answer

Retroactive interference occurs when newly acquired information interferes with the retrieval of previously learned information. This can lead to distorted or incorrect recall of previously learned material.

Question 2

Jost's Law states that if two memories are equally strong at a given time, which memory will tend to be more durable and forgotten less rapidly?
(A)That which was encoded in a happy mood
(B)The newer
(C)The shallower
(D)The one associated with a more positive context
(E)The older

E

Accepted Answer

Jost's Law of Forgetting states that if two memories are of equal strength but of different ages, the older memory will be less likely to be forgotten than the newer one. This principle suggests that over time, older memories become more durable or resistant to forgetting.

Question 3

Parker, Cahill, and McGaugh (2006)termed patient AJ's condition:&#10;(A)Fugue state&#10;(B)Organic amnesia&#10;(C)Hyperthmestic&#10;(D)HIAM&#10;(E)Prosopagnosia

Accepted Answer

Patient AJ's condition was termed "hyperthymestic syndrome" by Parker, Cahill, and McGaugh (2006), characterized by an extraordinary ability to recall one's life experiences in great detail.

Question 4

The difficulty most people have in remembering the first several years of their life is called:
(A)Childhood blackout
(B)Alzheimer's Disease
(C)Infantile amnesia
(D)Early-onset dementia
(E)Critical period

Accepted Answer

Infantile amnesia describes the phenomenon of not being able to remember events from the first few years of one's life. It is thought to be caused by a combination of factors, including brain development and the lack of language abilities to encode memories. The other options listed are not appropriate, as they refer to different conditions and do not accurately describe the inability to recall early childhood memories.

Question 5

Assuming that one learned &#34;SHOE-LEMON&#34; after studying &#34;SHOE-POOL,&#34; forgetting which of the following items would be the best evidence of the consequences of PROACTIVE interference?&#10;(A)SHINE&#10;(B)POOL&#10;(C)SHOE&#10;(D)CITRUS&#10;(E)LEMON

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the ability to learn new information. In this case, "SHOE-POOL" was learned and later "SHOE-LEMON" was learned. Forgetting "LEMON" would be the best evidence of proactive interference because it would suggest that the previously learned information about "POOL" interfered with the ability to remember "LEMON". Choices A, C, and D are not related to the previously learned information and would not be affected by proactive interference. The correct answer is E, "LEMON."

Question 6

Which term best describes forgetting that arises WITHOUT the intention to forget?
(A)Intentional forgetting
(B)Accidental forgetting
(C)Motivated forgetting
(D)Incidental forgetting
(E)Episodic forgetting

Accepted Answer

Incidental forgetting is forgetting that occurs without a deliberate attempt to forget. It is typically a result of environmental or internal factors, such as distractions or interference, rather than a conscious effort to forget.

Question 7

The rate of forgetting exhibited by Ebbinghaus could best be described as which of the following?&#10;(A)Linear&#10;(B)Bimodal&#10;(C)Logarithmic&#10;(D)Power&#10;(E)Quadratic

Accepted Answer

Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve is best described as logarithmic, as he found that forgetting occurs most rapidly in the first few hours after learning and then gradually levels off. This pattern is typically represented by a logarithmic function.

Question 8

Linton (1975)demonstrated that doing what to personal memories helped protect them from forgetting?
(A)All of these
(B)Suppressing them
(C)Writing about them a single time in a diary
(D)Retrieving related memories to the exclusion of the target memories
(E)Retrieving them periodically

Accepted Answer

Linton (1975) demonstrated that periodically retrieving personal memories helped protect them from forgetting.

Question 9

According to Endel Tulving's terminology, whether a memory is in storage or not refers to its:
(A)Associative neighborhood
(B)Accessibility
(C)Activation level
(D)Attenuation
(E)Availability

Accepted Answer

Endel Tulving's terminology states that availability refers to whether a memory is in storage or not.

Question 10

Synaptic consolidation is generally considered to last on the order of:&#10;(A)Seconds to minutes&#10;(B)Hours to days&#10;(C)Milliseconds to seconds&#10;(D)Years&#10;(E)Weeks to months

Accepted Answer

Synaptic consolidation is the process by which recently acquired memories become strengthened over time, a process that is believed to involve the gradual reorganization of neural connections within the brain. This process is generally considered to last on the order of hours to days, which corresponds to the time frame during which memories are most susceptible to disruption or interference. While some aspects of memory formation may last longer, such as long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic strength, the actual process of synaptic consolidation is generally thought to occur over a relatively short time frame. Therefore, the best answer is B, hours to days.

Question 11

Exposing people to a reminder of a previously consolidated memory is thought to render that memory:
(A)All of these
(B)Vulnerable to disruption
(C)Reactivated
(D)In need of restabilization
(E)Subject to reconsolidation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Exposing people to a reminder of a...

Question 12

What was the critical factor related to forgetting in the Baddeley and Hitch (1977)study of rugby players' memories?
(A)Number of team members
(B)Number of preceding games
(C)Familiarity
(D)Number of times retrieved
(E)Number of intervening games

Accepted Answer

The answer of What was the critical factor related to...

Question 13

Bahrick (1984)suggested the term permastore to describe the observation that forgetting of what stabilizes after about two years?
(A)Motor sequences
(B)Map locations
(C)Foreign language
(D)Unrelated scenes
(E)People's names

Accepted Answer

The answer of Bahrick (1984)suggested the term permastore to describe...

Question 14

B&#228;uml and Aslan (2004)found which of the following groups did NOT show reliable evidence of forgetting of the non-cue items on the first test?&#10;(A)Part-set re-study&#10;(B)Part-set retrieval&#10;(C)Part-set cuing&#10;(D)Partial inhibition of return&#10;(E)Cue overload

Accepted Answer

The answer of B&#228;uml and Aslan (2004)found which of the...

Question 15

Frankland, Kohler, and Josselyn (2013)specifically proposed that which of the following may, counterintuitively, be bad for the retention of existing memories, though it may benefit new learning?
(A)Neurotransmission
(B)Cell death
(C)Deterioration of existing tissue
(D)Neurogenesis
(E)Long-term potentiation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Frankland, Kohler, and Josselyn (2013)specifically proposed that...

Question 16

To which phenomenon does collaborative inhibition refer?
(A)The tendency for peer pressure to marginalize individuals in brainstorming
(B)The tendency for groups to recall more information than individuals combined
(C)The tendency for groups to diverge in topics during memory tasks
(D)The tendency for groups to recall less information than individuals combined
(E)The tendency for groups to remain on the same topic in memory tasks

Accepted Answer

The answer of To which phenomenon does collaborative inhibition refer?&#10;(A)The...

Question 17

Anderson, Bjork, and Bjork (1994)term any associates of a target memory which of the following?&#10;(A)Addressees&#10;(B)Pointers&#10;(C)Competitors&#10;(D)Integrators&#10;(E)Bystanders

Accepted Answer

The answer of Anderson, Bjork, and Bjork (1994)term any associates...

Question 18

According to Delaney, Sahakyan, Kelly and Zimmerman's (2010)results, doing what after studying a list of unrelated words REDUCED memory for that list the most on a later test?
(A)Daydreaming about a domestic trip
(B)Daydreaming about a international trip
(C)Reading aloud from a psychology textbook
(D)Rehearsing the words on the list
(E)Imagining the words from the list interacting with each other

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Delaney, Sahakyan, Kelly and Zimmerman's...

Question 19

Proactive interference is most pronounced using which experimental paradigm?
(A)Yes/no recognition
(B)Recall
(C)Remember/know judgments
(D)Word-stem completion
(E)Forced-choice recognition

Accepted Answer

The answer of Proactive interference is most pronounced using which...

Question 20

Which of these factors may explain incidental forgetting?&#10;(A)All of these&#10;(B)Trace decay&#10;(C)Contextual shifts&#10;(D)Proactive interference&#10;(E)Retroactive interference

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of these factors may explain incidental...

Question 21

The left and right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex regions have largely been associated with the resolution of response conflict and which of these general abilities?
(A)Autonomic responses
(B)Cogntiive control
(C)Motion detection
(D)Primary motor responses
(E)Heart rate

Accepted Answer

The answer of The left and right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex...

Question 22

What term did Anderson et al. (1994)coin to refer to the predisposition for selective retrieval of some exemplars from long-term memory to impair later recall of related items?
(A)Proactive interference
(B)Part-set curing
(C)Response competition
(D)Cue-overload hypothesis
(E)Retrieval-induced forgetting

Accepted Answer

The answer of What term did Anderson et al. (1994)coin...

Question 23

How does interference arise according to associative blocking?
(A)The cue fails to retrieve the target due to persistently evoking a stronger competitor
(B)The cue fails to retrieve all possible responses
(C)The target item overpowers the competitors
(D)Semantic categories cause interference during retrieval
(E)The researcher uses a masking technique

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does interference arise according to associative...

Question 24

Which of the following properties support a role of inhibition as a source of forgetting?
(A)Retrieval-specificity
(B)Cue-independence
(C)All of these
(D)Interference-dependence
(E)Attention-dependence

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following properties support a...

Deck 9: Incidental Forgetting