Question 1

The steps for assessing the harms of pollution include all of the following EXCEPT:&#10;A)Identifying the possible harms&#10;B)Determining the political support for pollution control programs&#10;C)Estimating the relationship between harms and the amount of exposure to the pollutant&#10;D)Measuring total human exposure&#10;E)Using theory and evidence to determine the aggregate risk

Accepted Answer

Determining the political support for pollution control programs is not a step for assessing the harms of pollution. The other options are all important steps in the process of assessing harm from pollution, including identifying possible harms, estimating the relationship between harms and exposure, measuring total human exposure, and using theory and evidence to determine aggregate risk.

Question 2

The survey method for estimating the cost of a given pollution control policy involves&#10;A)Surveying the public regarding their willingness to pay for pollution control&#10;B)Surveying members of Congress regarding their willingness to pay for pollution control&#10;C)Surveying polluters regarding potential job loss due to pollution control policy&#10;D)Surveying polluters about their expected spending under the pollution control policy

Accepted Answer

Surveying polluters about their expected spending under the pollution control policy provides direct information on the costs they anticipate incurring, which is crucial for estimating the policy's cost.

Question 3

&#10;In Figure 13-10 a pollution permit policy will result in the following&#10;A)Insignificant pollution reduction because polluters can always buy more permits&#10;B)Pollution cleanup concentrated among the firms with the highest clean-up costs&#10;C)Pollution cleanup by firms 1 and 2 only&#10;D)Pollution cleanup by firms 2 and 3 only

Accepted Answer

A pollution permit policy typically results in firms with lower cleanup costs reducing pollution, while firms with higher cleanup costs buy permits. Therefore, firms 2 and 3, which likely have lower cleanup costs, will clean up pollution.

Question 4

Which of the following does NOT represent a connection between the economy and nature?&#10;A)Nature benefits from production&#10;B)Nature provides inputs to the production process&#10;C)Nature provides a resting place for byproducts of production&#10;D)Nature is a source of utility and enjoyment for consumers

Accepted Answer

Nature benefits from production is not typically accurate because economic production often leads to pollution and depletion of natural resources, rather than benefits to nature. Choices B, C, and D accurately describe connections between the economy and nature: nature provides inputs (like raw materials), absorbs byproducts (though often detrimentally), and offers utility and enjoyment (through natural beauty and resources).

Question 5

In the context of a market model, the effects of uncontrolled pollution include&#10;A)Production levels that are too low&#10;B)A positive external surplus&#10;C)Deadweight loss&#10;D)Reduced consumer surplus

Accepted Answer

Uncontrolled pollution leads to a negative externality, meaning that the costs of pollution are being borne by parties other than the polluter. This leads to a market failure, as the market equilibrium does not reflect the true social costs of production. As a result, there is deadweight loss, as resources are not being allocated efficiently. Production levels may be too high or too low depending on the specifics of the market, but reduced consumer surplus is also a possible effect. A positive external surplus is not a relevant concept in this context.

Question 6

The most common method of estimating the dollar value of human benefits from pollution control is&#10;A)Quality adjusted life years&#10;B)Expected value of life&#10;C)$6 million dollars&#10;D)The expected utility of improved health

Accepted Answer

The most common method of estimating the dollar value of human benefits from pollution control is the Expected Value of Life. This approach attempts to quantify the financial value of saving a human life through measures such as reduced pollution, often used in cost-benefit analyses of environmental policies.

Question 7

Policies to reduce the loss of stratospheric ozone included all of the following EXCEPT:&#10;A)Banning CFCs&#10;B)Cap and trade permit programs for CFCs&#10;C)Research to make CFC production more efficient&#10;D)A mandatory recycling program

Accepted Answer

The policies to reduce the loss of stratospheric ozone included banning CFCs, implementing cap and trade permit programs for CFCs, and mandatory recycling programs. However, research to make CFC production more efficient would not have reduced the loss of stratospheric ozone and was therefore not a policy implemented.

Question 8

Types of direct regulation include all of the following except&#10;A)Ambient standards&#10;B)Effluent limits&#10;C)Pollution permits&#10;D)Technological requirements

Accepted Answer

Pollution permits are a form of market-based regulation, not direct regulation. Direct regulation typically involves setting specific limits or requirements, such as ambient standards, effluent limits, and technological requirements.

Question 9

The developed nation with the lowest tax rates on gasoline and diesel fuel is&#10;A)Japan&#10;B)Germany&#10;C)France&#10;D)The United Kingdom&#10;E)The United States

Accepted Answer

The United States has some of the lowest tax rates on gasoline and diesel fuel among developed countries. As of 2021, the federal tax rate on gasoline is 18.4 cents per gallon and the tax rate on diesel fuel is 24.4 cents per gallon. However, some states do have additional state taxes on fuel, which can vary widely.

Question 10

Effects of air pollution can include all of the following EXCEPT&#10;A)Enhanced sunsets and other visual benefits&#10;B)Negative health effects&#10;C)Negative effects on plants and wildlife&#10;D)Negative effects on buildings and related capital&#10;E)None.All of the above are possible

Accepted Answer

All of the choices listed are indeed effects of air pollution. While most effects are negative, such as health issues, damage to wildlife, plants, and buildings, air pollution can also lead to enhanced sunsets due to particles in the air scattering light in different ways. Therefore, all of the options provided are possible effects of air pollution.

Question 11

The advantages of allowing or encouraging lower cost pollution control methods may include all of the following EXCEPT:&#10;A)A more equal distribution of pollution&#10;B)A higher level of optimal pollution reduction&#10;C)Lower levels of employment loss&#10;D)Lower levels of price increases

Accepted Answer

The answer of The advantages of allowing or encouraging lower...

Deck 13: Pollution Control Policy