Question 1

Externalities associated with the automobile include all of the following EXCEPT&#10;A)Air pollution&#10;B)Private commuting cost&#10;C)Noise pollution&#10;D)Traffic congestion

Accepted Answer

Private commuting cost is not considered an externality associated with the automobile because it is a direct cost incurred by the individual driver, rather than a cost imposed on society as a whole. The other choices listed are externalities because they have negative impacts on the environment and other individuals beyond the person driving the car.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT one of the primary phases of a commute?&#10;A)the decision phase&#10;B)the line-haul phase&#10;C)the distribution phase&#10;D)the collection phase

Accepted Answer

The primary phases of a commute typically include the collection phase, the line-haul phase, and the distribution phase. The "decision phase" is not commonly listed among these primary phases.

Question 3

Subsidies are a universal part of urban mass transit for all of these reason EXCEPT&#10;A)Mass transit subsidies counter the negative externality of diesel exhaust from buses&#10;B)Mass transit subsidies raise the relative cost of driving&#10;C)Mass transit subsidies increase the affordability of transit for the poor&#10;D)Mass transit subsidies are particularly needed due to scale economies for rail.

Accepted Answer

A

Question 4

Since 1980 all of the following trends have occurred EXCEPT&#10;A)Total traffic accidents have fallen by nearly 40%&#10;B)The death rate per million vehicle miles has fallen by 2/3.&#10;C)The injury rate per driver has increased.&#10;D)The death rate per vehicle has fallen by 50%

Accepted Answer

The question asks for the trend that has NOT occurred since 1980. Choices A, B, and D all describe positive trends that have occurred since 1980, while C is the only one that states a negative trend. Specifically, while the number of total traffic accidents and the death rate per vehicle mile have fallen, the injury rate per driver has increased.

Question 5

Other than rush hour driving, the two main sources of traffic congestion are&#10;A)Work zones and bad weather&#10;B)Special events and inadequate traffic lanes&#10;C)Bottlenecks and traffic incidents&#10;D)Traffic accidents and distracted drivers

Accepted Answer

Bottlenecks, such as narrow roads or merging lanes, and traffic incidents, such as crashes or breakdowns, are frequent causes of traffic congestion. Work zones and bad weather can also contribute, but they are not as consistent or widespread as bottlenecks and incidents. Special events and inadequate traffic lanes can cause congestion, but they are more localized and predictable than bottlenecks and incidents. Traffic accidents and distracted drivers are both factors that can lead to incidents, but they are not as broad of a cause of congestion as bottlenecks and incidents.

Question 6

Systems of roads and highways contain which elements of imperfect markets?&#10;A)Public goods&#10;B)Natural monopoly&#10;C)Externalities&#10;D)All of the above&#10;E)None of the above

Accepted Answer

Systems of roads and highways contain all three elements of imperfect markets. They are public goods as everyone can use them without being excluded, they may have natural monopolies in certain areas, and there are externalities such as congestion and pollution.

Question 7

Roads or lanes that require a combination of multiple riders and tolls are referred to as&#10;A)HOV lanes&#10;B)Diamond lanes&#10;C)HOT lanes&#10;D)Restricted lanes

Accepted Answer

HOT lanes (High Occupancy Toll lanes) are the roads or lanes that require a combination of multiple riders and tolls. These lanes are designed to ease traffic congestion by encouraging carpooling and by charging a toll to single-occupancy vehicles. HOV (High Occupancy Vehicle) lanes also require multiple riders but do not charge a toll. Diamond lanes and Restricted lanes are not commonly used terms for these types of roads or lanes.

Question 8

Estimates of the cost of commuting time are in the range of ___ percent of the average wage&#10;A)40 to 60%&#10;B)150 to 160%&#10;C)20-30%&#10;D)No reliable estimates have been produced.

Accepted Answer

Studies have estimated that the cost of commuting time can range from 40 to 60% of the average wage.

Question 9

The first City to institute a rush hour driving fee was&#10;A)Singapore&#10;B)London&#10;C)New York&#10;D)Stockholm&#10;E)Ancient Rome

Accepted Answer

Singapore was the first city to implement a congestion pricing scheme to manage traffic during peak hours, starting in 1975.

Deck 12: Urban Transportation