Deck 21: Is There Something in the Water? Reproductive and Developmental Biology

Question 1

Atrazine is a widely-used pesticide hypothesized to be an endocrine disruptor that results in

A) increased metabolism in animals.
B) the conversion of testosterone into estrogen.
C) the masculinization of female ovaries.
D) the loss of all sexual organs in frogs.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

One type of cell that contains half the genetic information of an individual is a

A) zygote.
B) gonad.
C) sperm.
D) fertilized egg.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Sperm production takes place in the

A) seminiferous tubules.
B) Leydig cells.
C) epididymis.
D) vas deferens.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

An animal that can both donate and receive sperm

A) reproduces asexually.
B) has only male gonads.
C) is called a hermaphrodite.
D) undergoes copulation.

Question 5

A stand of aspen trees on a mountainside in Colorado is composed of genetic clones of a parent tree. Each new tree emerges from a root stock of the parent tree. This type of reproduction is referred to as

A) vegetative reproduction.
B) budding.
C) fission.
D) sexual reproduction.

Question 6

A zygote is

A) haploid.
B) diploid.
C) 2n.
D) 4n.

Question 7

You have identified a new single-celled organism in the laboratory and have observed that new daughter cells remain attached to the parent and then break away. You correctly hypothesize that this new organism reproduces by

A) budding.
B) binary fission.
C) copulation.
D) external fertilization.

Question 8

The primary female reproductive organs are the ________, which are responsible for producing egg cells.

Question 9

One disadvantage of asexual reproduction is

A) there's no need to find a partner to reproduce.
B) organisms that are isolated from other organisms can use this method of reproduction.
C) there's not much ability to adapt to environmental change.
D) organisms that don't move can use this method of reproduction.

Question 10

Asexual reproduction

A) requires the genetic contributions of two individuals.
B) requires two types of sex cells.
C) results in offspring that are clones of the parent.
D) results in fertilization.

Question 11

Which of the following reproductive processes will result in genetically unique individuals?

A) budding
B) sexual reproduction
C) vegetative reproduction
D) binary fission

Question 12

Most fish use ________ as a means of reproduction.

A) copulation
B) external fertilization
C) internal fertilization
D) binary fission

Question 13

If a diploid cell with 18 chromosomes undergoes meiosis, the resulting gametes will each have ________ chromosomes.

A) 18
B) 16
C) 9
D) 36

Question 14

A human skin cell is ________, while a human sperm cell is ________.

A) diploid; haploid
B) haploid; diploid
C) diploid; diploid
D) 1n; 2n

Question 15

The most successful gamete production strategies observed in nature consist of

A) 100% small gametes and 0% large gametes.
B) 100% large gametes and 0% small gametes.
C) 50% small gametes and 50% large gametes.
D) 75% large gametes and 25% small gametes.

Question 16

In a vasectomy, the vas deferens is cut and tied to block the release of ________ during ejaculation.

A) semen
B) testosterone
C) sperm
D) nutritional secretions for sperm

Question 17

True or false: Hermaphrodites are organisms that are genetically male but physically resemble both males and females.

Question 18

You perform an experiment whereby you place a compound into a pond, and after some time, you find increased numbers of "masculinized" females from all species of fish. You correctly predict that this compound

A) must have a similar structure to that of estrogen.
B) may activate the enzyme aromatase.
C) binds to and activates estrogen receptors.
D) may be structurally similar to testosterone.

Question 19

The form of reproduction used by E. coli, a type of bacteria found in your digestive tract, is

A) budding.
B) vegetative reproduction.
C) binary fission.
D) meiosis.

Question 20

The ________ system allows survival of different species.

Question 21

The passage of an unfertilized egg from production to leaving the body is

A) ovary, oviduct, uterus, and vagina.
B) oviduct, uterus, vagina, and ovary.
C) uterus, vagina, ovary, and oviduct.
D) vagina, ovary, oviduct, and uterus.

Question 22

The shedding of the endometrium occurs during

A) menstruation.
B) intercourse.
C) ovulation.
D) fertilization.

Question 23

A woman is more likely to experience bladder infections than a man because

A) the urethra and vagina are separate openings into the body.
B) the urethra is shorter in a woman than in a man.
C) the urethra is longer in a woman than in a man.
D) the acidity of the urine makes women more susceptible to infections.

Question 24

In males, the urethra

A) provides passage from the body for sperm.
B) produces sugars that sperm use for energy.
C) contains the testes.
D) fills with blood during sexual arousal.

Question 25

What structures inside the human penis are responsible for an erection?

A) columns of erectile tissue that fill with blood
B) a series of small bones that push out of the pelvic cavity and into the penis during arousal
C) small balloon-like glands that fill with air
D) one large bone that pushes out of the pelvic cavity and into the penis during arousal

Question 26

Fertilization takes place in the

A) uterus.
B) ovary.
C) oviduct.
D) cervix.

Question 27

Why are the testicles kept outside of the body?

A) They lower the temperature for sperm production.
B) The testicles cushion the penis and stop it from hanging too low.
C) There's no reason for this.
D) Earlier in human evolution, visible testicles helped males to sexually attract females.

Question 28

Eggs first develop in a woman

A) prior to birth.
B) at puberty.
C) throughout her lifetime.
D) every 60 days.

Question 29

Eggs mature and are released from the

A) oviduct.
B) uterus.
C) vagina.
D) follicle.

Question 30

The process of sperm formation takes approximately

A) 24 hours.
B) 20 days.
C) 60 days.
D) 6 months.

Question 31

The hormone-producing cells of the male reproductive tract are

A) in the seminal vesicles.
B) the Leydig cells.
C) in the bulbourethral glands.
D) in the prostate gland.

Question 32

The three structures that add secretions to the sperm to make up semen are the

A) seminal vesicles, Leydig cells, and prostate gland.
B) prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and seminiferous tubules.
C) bulbourethral glands, Leydig cells, and seminal vesicles.
D) seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland.

Question 33

Ovulation

A) is the process in males that produces sperm.
B) occurs on the first day of the menstrual cycle.
C) results in the release of a mature egg.
D) occurs in the oviducts.

Question 34

Estrogen and progesterone are produced by the

A) endometrium.
B) uterus.
C) corpus luteum.
D) oviduct.

Question 35

Infertility is defined as

A) the inability to conceive after one month of unprotected sex.
B) the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sex.
C) the inability to conceive after five years of unprotected sex.
D) the inability to conceive after one attempt of unprotected sex.

Question 36

The pathway of sperm from production to ejaculation is

A) seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra.
B) epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, seminiferous tubules.
C) epididymis, urethra, seminiferous tubules, vas deferens.
D) epididymis, seminiferous tubules, vas deferens, urethra.

Question 37

The drug diethylstylbestrol, or DES, mimics estrogen and interferes with the development of the fetal uterus. This drug is considered to be

A) a hormone.
B) as good as estrogen.
C) an endocrine disruptor.
D) a good form of birth control.

Question 38

The process of gametogenesis

A) results in diploid gametes.
B) results in human sperm with 46 chromosomes.
C) allows fertilization to result in a cell with the correct number of chromosomes for that species.
D) only occurs in males.

Question 39

Some women suffer from severe cramps during their menstrual cycles, requiring medical attention. This is a condition called dysmenorrhea. Based on your knowledge of the female reproductive tract, which of the following structures is the most likely cause of this condition?

A) vagina
B) cervix
C) uterus
D) labia majora

Question 40

A disease of the bulbourethral glands could lead to

A) insufficient levels of sugar available for sperm to use for energy.
B) semen lacking any sperm.
C) damaged sperm due to exposure to acidic urine.
D) semen lacking the thin, milky white fluid.

Question 41

The corpus luteum produces and releases ________ following ovulation.

A) FSH and LH
B) estrogen
C) progesterone
D) both estrogen and progesterone

Question 42

Which of the following conception control methods is most effective?

A) diaphragm
B) condom
C) minipill
D) vaginal ring

Question 43

Label the external and internal components of the male reproductive system.

Question 44

A surge in which of the following hormones is responsible for ovulation?

A) estrogen
B) FSH
C) LH
D) progesterone

Question 45

Label the parts of the female reproductive anatomy.

Question 46

True or false: All sexually transmitted diseases have symptoms.

Question 47

During the menstrual cycle, what is the main source of progesterone in females?

A) placenta
B) pituitary gland
C) developing follicle
D) corpus luteum

Question 48

What is the final product after a primary oocyte goes through meiosis?

A) four secondary oocytes
B) three secondary oocytes and one polar body
C) two secondary oocytes and polar bodies
D) one secondary oocyte and polar bodies

Question 49

In the graph depicting the levels of various hormones, what event would prevent the decline in estrogen and progesterone seen toward the end of the 28-day menstrual cycle?

A) a subsequent ovulation event
B) the maturation of another follicle
C) fertilization
D) degeneration of the corpus luteum

Question 50

Which place should you choose to avoid living in if you were concerned about male infertility and low sperm count?

A) a farm in North Dakota
B) Los Angeles
C) Boston
D) Miami

Question 51

The hormone that is detected in a pregnancy test is

A) human chorionic gonadotropin hormone made by the early embryo.
B) progesterone made by the corpus luteum.
C) luteinizing hormone made by the pituitary.
D) estrogen made by the ovary.

Question 52

The tissue in the gastrula that gives rise to muscle is the

A) ectoderm.
B) mesoderm.
C) gaendoderm.
D) gastrula.

Question 53

What is the function of the midpiece on a sperm cell?

A) to contain the haploid nucleus
B) to propel the sperm forward
C) to aid the sperm's penetration of the egg
D) to provide energy for movement

Question 54

True or false: The major cause of infertility in males occurs as a result of physical blockages or obstructions to the ducts that sperm pass through.

Question 55

True or false: All sexually transmitted diseases can be cured if medical treatment is sought early enough.

Question 56

Which of these methods of birth control prevents follicle development?

A) diaphragm
B) birth control pill
C) female condom
D) intrauterine device

Question 57

Which of the following decreases the probability that fertilization will take place?

A) Cervical mucus is less viscous and thinner following ovulation.
B) The oviducts contract during ovulation.
C) Enzymes are present within the acrosome of sperm.
D) The upper vagina is an acidic environment.

Question 58

The zona pellucida

A) allows quick passage of the egg down the oviduct.
B) bathes the egg in estrogen.
C) is another term for the fertilized egg.
D) acts as a binding site for the sperm head.

Question 59

When does spermatogenesis first occur in males?

A) in the womb
B) at birth
C) during childhood
D) at puberty

Question 60

The hormones that function in both the male and female reproductive systems are

A) estrogen and progesterone.
B) gonadotropin-releasing hormones and progesterone.
C) luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone.
D) luteinizing hormone and progesterone.

Question 61

The hormone responsible for milk production and secretion during and after pregnancy is

A) prolactin.
B) estrogen.
C) progesterone.
D) human chorionic gonadotropin.

Question 62

The three layers of tissue that form the ________ are the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.

A) zygote
B) blastocyst
C) gastrula
D) fetus

Question 63

The process of ________ occurs in cells that become more specialized in their function.

A) cleavage
B) gastrulation
C) differentiation
D) fertilization

Question 64

During labor, oxytocin stimulates the uterus to contract, and these contractions stimulate the release of more oxytocin in a ________ feedback mechanism, resulting in ever stronger contractions.

Question 65

The evidence that endocrine disruptors in the water supply can cause human reproductive problems is

A) correlative.
B) definitive.
C) statistically significant.
D) entirely absent.

Question 66

Which of the following is mismatched?

A) mesoderm ? muscles
B) endoderm ? lungs
C) ectoderm ? nervous system
D) mesoderm ? eye

Question 67

Jane is a 20-year-old individual who externally resembles a female but who is actually genetically a male (XY). Based on your knowledge of human development, how could this be possible?

A) Although Jane is genetically a male, she has produced an abnormal amount of estrogen since birth.
B) During development, Jane's body produced an excessive amount of testosterone, leading to the development of female external genitalia.
C) Jane's embryonic gonads did not produce androgens, or they lacked functional testosterone receptors.
D) Due to a genetic defect, Jane lacks sufficient aromatase activity, the enzyme that converts testosterone into estrogen.

Question 68

A common practice during delivery of a baby is to induce labor by giving pregnant women

A) estrogen.
B) progesterone.
C) oxytocin.
D) prolactin.

Question 69

Laboratory studies have shown that endocrine disruptors

A) decrease the ability of human sperm to fertilize eggs.
B) cause human birth defects.
C) cause reproductive problems in nonhuman animals.
D) cause endometriosis in women.

Question 70

The presence or absence of ________ is critical in determining the development of either male or female reproductive structures in an embryo.

A) androgens
B) estrogen
C) gonadotropin-releasing hormone
D) progesterone

Question 71

Exposure to which of the following chemicals is correlated with low-birth weight and premature birth?

A) the plasticizer DEHP
B) bisphenol A (BPA)
C) synthetic estrogen (DES)
D) polychlorinated biphenols (PCBs)