Deck 23: Feeding the World: Plant Structure and Growth

Question 1

Staple crops are the

A) major agricultural sources of calories in a society.
B) plants in which the gametophyte stage is dominant.
C) manioc plants eaten by people in Europe.
D) vegetative organs of grasses.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is the growing tip of a plant stem?

A) apical meristem
B) axillary bud
C) rhizome
D) internode

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Almost all agricultural plants are classified as

A) angiosperms.
B) gymnosperms.
C) legumes.
D) dicots.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What is the staple crop of Asia?

A) wheat
B) rice
C) corn
D) yams

Question 5

Which of the following has seeds that are the richest in protein?

A) wheat
B) rice
C) barley
D) soybean

Question 6

Cereal grains come from which types of plants?

A) dicots
B) monocots
C) legumes
D) tubers

Question 7

When did humans begin the practice of agriculture?

A) 400,000 years ago
B) 240,000 years ago
C) 11,000 years ago
D) 2000 years ago

Question 8

A white potato is a modified

A) stem.
B) root.
C) leaf.
D) flower.

Question 9

Monocot plants often exhibit

A) no roots at all.
B) one large taproot.
C) fibrous, broadly spread roots.
D) roots that extend deep into the ground.

Question 10

Plants that grow from a seed and produce new seeds within the course of one year are classified as

A) monocots.
B) dicots.
C) annuals.
D) perennials.

Question 11

Which of the following are the reproductive organs of a plant?

A) roots
B) stems
C) flowers
D) leaves

Question 12

The embryonic leaves emerging from the seed of a plant are called

A) monocots.
B) dicots.
C) cotyledons.
D) anthers.

Question 13

The tiny, absorptive structures on the root cells near the root tip are called

A) taproots.
B) rhizomes.
C) root hairs.
D) root buds.

Question 14

Most of the calories in a typical American diet come from

A) meat.
B) cereal grains.
C) legumes.
D) plant leaves.

Question 15

As shown here, a bean/bean pod is actually a(n)

A) stem.
B) fruit.
C) axillary bud.
D) petiole.

Question 16

A tuber is

A) an enlargement of an underground stem.
B) a root that's modified for nutrient storage.
C) the reproductive organ of a gymnosperm.
D) a modified leaf that serves as a nutrient storage structure.

Question 17

Which of these is evidence that has allowed scientists to deduce the climate conditions that existed thousands of years ago?

A) plant remains trapped in sediments
B) fossilized fruits and seeds
C) DNA in crop plants
D) deep layers in soils

Question 18

The tissue that conducts water through a plant is known as

A) phloem.
B) xylem.
C) meristematic tissue.
D) epidermal tissue.

Question 19

What types of plants are in the class known as monocots and the family Poaceae?

A) peas
B) grasses
C) palm trees
D) maple trees

Question 20

The diagram shows flowers, seeds, and fruits. All the following make up a seed EXCEPT a(n)

A) embryo.
B) food source for embryo.
C) seed coat.
D) stamen.

Question 21

Sugars that are formed by photosynthesis in leaves can travel to underground storage structures via

A) xylem.
B) phloem.
C) meristem.
D) ground tissue.

Question 22

Almost all modern crop plants are

A) gymnosperms.
B) annual plants.
C) dicots.
D) legumes.

Question 23

The human race relied upon hunting and gathering, with no agriculture, for its first

A) 1,500,000 years.
B) 1,000,000 years.
C) 500,000 years.
D) 250,000 years.

Question 24

Starch-storing tissues in a plant, such as white potatoes, are a type of

A) xylem.
B) phloem.
C) meristematic tissue.
D) ground tissue.

Question 25

Root hairs are extensions of ________ cells.

A) meristematic
B) vascular
C) ground
D) epidermal

Question 26

Which type of plant would most likely be the most nutritionally valuable to a human?

A) a plant that has no ground tissue
B) a plant with 10% ground tissue and 90% vascular tissue
C) a plant with minimal reproductive organs
D) a plant with 90% ground tissue and 10% vascular tissue

Question 27

The triploid cells that make up endosperm of a typical plant contain how many copies of each plant chromosome?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 28

The "eyes" of a white potato are actually

A) apical meristems.
B) rhizomes.
C) axillary buds.
D) petioles.

Question 29

Which of the following is the female reproductive organ of a flower?

A) anther
B) stamen
C) carpel
D) petal

Question 30

The sperm of a flowering plant is contained in the

A) stigma.
B) carpel.
C) pollen.
D) spore.

Question 31

Which of the following crops are perennial plants?

A) rice
B) wheat
C) white potatoes
D) sweet potatoes

Question 32

The roots of monocots are generally ________, whereas the roots of dicots are generally ________.

A) thick taproots; thin and fibrous
B) spread out laterally; deep
C) deep; spread out laterally
D) covered in root hairs; lacking root hairs

Question 33

Domesticated plants, which make up most of today's crops, are the result of

A) biomagnification.
B) artificial selection.
C) advantageous evolution.
D) eutrophication.

Question 34

In plants, the mature ovaries containing seeds are called

A) bulbs.
B) fruits.
C) tubers.
D) rhizomes.

Question 35

In the life cycle of plants the spore is a

A) diploid structure.
B) nonreproductive structure.
C) haploid structure.
D) triploid endosperm.

Question 36

White wheat flour is made from the tissue within the wheat kernel that nourishes the developing wheat embryo. This tissue is called the

A) endosperm.
B) embryo.
C) carpel.
D) stamen.

Question 37

Fertilization occurs in flowering plants when

A) pollen grains land on the anthers of the female flower parts.
B) the female carpels and male anthers are united.
C) sperm join with eggs inside the ovules.
D) pollen joins with eggs inside the stigma.

Question 38

Pollination occurs when the pollen of a flower lands on a structure called the ________.

Question 39

The number of embryonic leaves, or ________, differentiate the two main classes of crop plants.

A) cotyledons
B) anthers
C) carpels
D) rhizomes

Question 40

Pollination in corn occurs via

A) wind.
B) insects.
C) birds.
D) bats.

Question 41

When the guard cells of a leaf shrink, the stomata

A) open.
B) close.
C) perform photosynthesis.
D) die.

Question 42

What type of growth does a plant exhibit when its trunk gets thicker?

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) determinate

Question 43

Which of these would NOT be considered a fruit?

A) tomatoes
B) apples
C) oat grains
D) sweet potatoes

Question 44

To which of the following groups of plants are insect pollinators most important?

A) gymnosperms
B) angiosperms
C) mosses
D) ferns

Question 45

Plants need both macronutrients and micronutrients to grow. Which of the following is a plant micronutrient?

A) nitrogen
B) iron
C) magnesium
D) sulfur

Question 46

In flowering plants, eggs are to ovules as

A) sperm are to pollen.
B) sperm are to anthers.
C) pollen is to carpels.
D) pollen is to sepals.

Question 47

In a dicot stem, xylem is part of a ring of cells called the

A) apical meristem.
B) vascular cambium.
C) cork cambium.
D) epidermal tissue.

Question 48

Over time the general trend in the evolution of terrestrial plants has been

A) a decrease in the gametophyte generation.
B) a decrease in mitosis in the sporophyte generation.
C) a decrease in the sporophyte generation.
D) a shortening of the plant lifecycle in general.

Question 49

Modern farmers use irrigation to deliver which of the following to their plants?

A) light
B) water
C) nutrients
D) carbon dioxide

Question 50

If a nail is pounded into the trunk of a tree, what plant structure would it encounter first?

A) phloem
B) xylem
C) cork
D) cork cambium

Question 51

A waste product of photosynthesis, of no value to the plant, is

A) carbon dioxide.
B) light.
C) carbohydrates (sugars).
D) oxygen.

Question 52

Primary growth can result in a plant that

A) is short and bushy.
B) is tall with a wide stem.
C) has an extensive root system.
D) has cork and wood.

Question 53

A leaf blade is attached to a stem by a stalk-like structure called a(n)

A) internode.
B) stoma.
C) petiole.
D) node.

Question 54

Which of the following applications, used by farmers to control weeds, relies upon turning the soil over?

A) tilling
B) mulching
C) spraying herbicides
D) irrigation

Question 55

The middle layer of healthy soil, between the top and base layers, is

A) composed entirely of recently eroded rock.
B) composed entirely of decomposing animal wastes.
C) composed entirely of dead plants, animals, and other organisms.
D) a mixture of eroded rock and decaying matter.

Question 56

Which of the following is a true statement regarding secondary growth in plants?

A) Monocots can undergo true secondary growth to increase the width of their stems.
B) Cork, cork cambium, and vascular cambium make up the bark of a woody plant.
C) Xylem cells make up the wood of a tree, whereas phloem cells are located in the bark of a tree.
D) True secondary growth in coconut palm trees makes them woody yet incredibly flexible.

Question 57

Gametophytes produce sperm and eggs by mitosis. In which of the following groups of plants is the gametophyte generation most dominant?

A) gymnosperms
B) angiosperms
C) mosses
D) ferns

Question 58

As the guard cells ________, the stomata become ________.

A) swell; open
B) shrink; open
C) swell; closed
D) shrink; larger

Question 59

The ability of a plant to continue to grow throughout its lifetime is called

A) determinate growth.
B) indeterminate growth.
C) secondary growth.
D) vernalization.

Question 60

Which of the following is part of the wood of a tree, NOT the bark?

A) cork
B) cork cambium
C) xylem
D) phloem

Question 61

Which of the following is a form of cultural control to minimize pest populations?

A) crop rotation
B) monoculture
C) irrigation
D) pesticide use

Question 62

The two most "precious liquids" needed for modern agricultural practices in developed countries are

A) water and liquid fertilizer.
B) water and oil.
C) oil and pesticides.
D) liquid fertilizer and pesticides.

Question 63

The water in the ________ aquifer in the central United States is apparently being depleted more rapidly that it is being replenished, thus threatening the future of farming in certain regions.

A) Ogallala
B) Texarkana
C) Legumino
D) Nebraskan

Question 64

What is the difference between organic and inorganic fertilizers?

A) Organic fertilizers are carbon-based and are made from decomposed plant and animal wastes; inorganic fertilizers lack carbon and are produced by an industrial chemical process.
B) Inorganic fertilizers are carbon-based and are made from decomposed plant and animal wastes; organic fertilizers lack carbon and are produced by an industrial chemical process.
C) Organic fertilizers are carbon-based and are produced by an industrial chemical process; inorganic fertilizers lack carbon and are made from decomposed plant and animal wastes.
D) Inorganic fertilizers are carbon-based and are produced by an industrial chemical process; organic fertilizers lack carbon and are made from decomposed plant and animal wastes.

Question 65

What percentage of corn grown in the United States is used to feed hogs, chickens, and turkeys?

A) 10%
B) 50%
C) 80%
D) 95%

Question 66

In 2005, the amount of animal waste produced by factory farms was ________ times the amount of waste produced by the human population of the United States.

A) 50
B) 95
C) 100
D) 130

Question 67

What evidence is there that modern agriculture is unsustainable?

A) Fresh water is used for irrigating crops.
B) Large amounts of nonrenewable fossil fuels are required.
C) Fertilizers and pesticides are inexpensive and easy to obtain.
D) More food is produced than can be used.

Question 68

When farmers plant a single crop over a large area of land, it's called ________.

Question 69

Plants grow taller from their growing tips, or ________. This form of growth is also known as ________ growth.

A) apical meristem; primary
B) apical meristem; secondary
C) axillary buds; primary
D) axillary buds; secondary

Question 70

Which of the following would make agricultural practices more sustainable?

A) monoculture
B) salinization
C) integrated pest management
D) irrigation

Question 71

The emergence of a plant embryo from a seed is called ________.

Question 72

The concentration of persistent toxic chemicals within higher levels of a food chain or food web is called ________.

Question 73

Why do plants containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their roots need less nitrogen-based fertilizer than others?

A) The plants break down the bacteria as a source of nitrogen-rich nutrients.
B) The bacteria convert nitrogen in the air into a form that can be taken up by the plants.
C) The plants and bacteria work together to attract birds, which deposit nitrogen-rich droppings near the plant.
D) The bacteria kill and digest earthworms and other animals in the soil, providing excess nitrogen to the plants.

Question 74

The loss of fertilizer and pesticides from soil by water moving through it is called

A) the pesticide treadmill.
B) biomagnification.
C) soil erosion.
D) runoff.