Deck 5: Sampling

Question 1

Nonprobability sampling methods are often used ______.

A) when a small sample allows a more intensive portrait activities and actors in a population
B) if there is a clear chance of elements being chosen
C) when we can generalize findings to a larger population
D) if there is a large population that covers a huge territory

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In their classic book Crimes of the Middle Class, Weisburd, Wheeler, Waring, and Bode (1991) examined a sample of white-collar criminal offenders convicted in seven federal judicial districts, using ______ sampling.

A) simple random
B) stratified random
C) quota
D) purposive

Answer 2

D

Question 3

______ generalizability refers to the ability to generalize from a sample of a larger population to that population itself.

A) Cross-population
B) Sample
C) Internal
D) External

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The target population consists of a set of elements ______.

A) smaller than or different from the population that was sampled, to which the researcher would like to generalize any study findings
B) larger than or different from the population that was sampled, to which the researcher would like to generalize any study findings
C) smaller than or the same size as the population from which it was sampled, that is representative of the population
D) larger than or the same size as the population from which it was sampled, that is not representative of the population

Question 5

In some circumstances, researchers can bypass the issue of generalizability by conducting a(n) ______.

A) interview of key members of the population
B) survey
C) telephone survey
D) census

Question 6

______ sampling may involve studying an entire population or some subset of a population.

A) Purposive
B) Accidental
C) Quota
D) Simple random

Question 7

Sampling is unnecessary if ______.

A) all the units in the population are identical
B) most of the units in the population are identical
C) social scientists are able to skirt the problem of generalizability
D) the research population is very diverse

Question 8

In ______ sampling, elements are selected because they are easy to find.

A) simple random
B) availability
C) cluster
D) snowball

Question 9

A subset of the larger set of individuals or other entities in which we are interested is the ______.

A) component
B) population
C) elementary unit
D) sample

Question 10

In the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS), adult U.S. residents were selected through a ______ sampling method.

A) random digited dialing
B) stratified random
C) proportionate random
D) random digit dialing

Question 11

The set of individuals or other entities to which we want to be able to generalize our findings is the ______.

A) sample
B) subset
C) population
D) sampling frame

Question 12

Sampling methods in which the probability of selection of population elements is unknown are known as ______ sampling methods.

A) representative
B) probability
C) nonprobability
D) unrepresentative

Question 13

______ sampling is intended to overcome the likelihood that the sample will just consist of who or what is available.

A) Simple random
B) Stratified random
C) Quota
D) Accidental

Question 14

In disproportionate stratified sampling, the proportion of each stratum is ______ what is in the population.

A) slightly varied from
B) intentionally varied from
C) proportionally stratified from
D) selected in exact proportion to

Question 15

A major hazard in survey research may occur because individuals who ______.

A) respond too quickly to surveys are likely not to complete the survey
B) are selected randomly from a population are likely not to be generalizable to the population from which they are drawn
C) are chosen from a complete sampling frame and may therefore not complete the survey
D) do not respond to a survey are likely to differ systematically from those who take the time to participate

Question 16

A situation where the sequence of elements varies in some regular, periodic pattern is known as ______.

A) stratification
B) periodicity
C) replacement sampling
D) cluster sampling

Question 17

Cluster sampling can be useful when ______.

A) a sampling frame is not available
B) the population is spread across a narrow geographic area
C) sampling procedures are not complex
D) elements within the population do not have a known probability

Question 18

Sampling methods that let us know in advance how likely it is that an element of a population will be selected for the sample are ______ sampling methods.

A) nonprobability
B) probability
C) systematic bias
D) stratified

Question 19

Dr. Jones is researching perception of student safety at East High School. She will obtain the sample directly from the entire population of students at the school based on a list obtained from the registrar's office. This list, from which the elements of the population are selected, is termed the ______.

A) elementary unit
B) sampling frame
C) sample subset
D) enumeration unit

Question 20

Sampling error can generally be defined as the ______.

A) difference between the characteristics of a sample and the characteristics of the population from which it was selected
B) similarities between a population and a sample
C) set of elements larger than or different from the population that was sampled
D) difference between the elements of a sample and the elements of a related population

Question 21

A researcher who draws conclusions about individual-level processes from group-level data is constructing a(n) ______ fallacy.

A) individual level
B) ecological
C) reductionist
D) analytical

Question 22

Probability sampling methods depend on nonrandom selection procedures.

Question 23

______ sampling is useful for hard-to-reach populations for which there is no sampling frame, but in which the members are somewhat interconnection (at least some members of the population know each other such as drug dealers, sex workers, and so on).

A) simple random
B) stratified random
C) purposive
D) snowball

Question 24

Cross-population generalizability refers to the ability to generalize from a sample (subset) of a larger population to that population itself.

Question 25

Stratified random sampling differentiates all elements in the population on the basis of their value on some relevant characteristic, and then they are ______.

A) sorted into positive and negative forms of the element
B) disproportionately sampled within each stratum
C) sampled randomly from within these strata
D) put into a random digit dialing program to properly sample them

Question 26

When data about individuals are used to make inferences about group-level processes, this problem creates a(n) ______ fallacy.

A) individual level
B) ecological
C) reductionist
D) analytical

Question 27

A major hazard in survey research is ______ because those who do not respond to a survey are likely to differ systematically from those who do.

A) random
B) nonresponse
C) quantity
D) generalizability

Question 28

Probability sampling methods are those in which the probability of selection is known and not zero.

Question 29

Sampling methods that do not reveal the likelihood of selection in advance are likely to ______.

A) be probability sampling methods
B) have serious methodological issues
C) have a natural tendency to confuse the concept of probability
D) be nonprobability sampling methods

Question 30

Units selected at each stage of a multistage sample design are known as sampling units.

Question 31

The ability to generalize from findings about one group, population, or setting to other groups, populations, or settings is known as ______.

A) crossed sample generalizability
B) sample validation
C) cross-population generalizability
D) resource generalizability

Question 32

Observations based on faulty perceptions of empirical reality are also known as ______ observations.

A) unbelievable
B) elemental
C) enumeration
D) inaccurate

Question 33

The U. S. Justice Department's National Crime Victimization Survey is an excellent example of a(n) ______ sample.

A) nonprobability
B) cluster
C) simple random
D) stratified

Question 34

Unlike probability samples, when collecting a sample using nonprobability sampling techniques, elements within the population ______.

A) are certain to be a sample which actually represents the population
B) uses information known about the total population prior to sampling to make the sampling process more efficient
C) do not have a known probability of being selected into the sample
D) requires a procedure that generates numbers or identifies cases strictly on the basis of chance

Question 35

Simple random sampling requires a procedure that generates numbers or identifies cases ______.

A) through differentiation of value based on strata
B) strictly on the basis of chance
C) by using disproportionate stratified sampling
D) strictly on the basis of periodicity

Question 36

In criminological research, the units under study are known as the units of ______.

A) analytics
B) isolationism
C) analysis
D) randomness

Question 37

In their classic study of neighborhoods and crime, Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls (1997) surveyed individuals and then averaged those responses to create a construct at the neighborhood level called "collective efficacy." The units of analysis they used was at the ______ level.

A) individual
B) group
C) neighborhood
D) nation

Question 38

Sample generalizability depends on sample quality, which is determined by the ______.

A) similarities of the characteristics of a sample and the population from which it came
B) size of the sampling error
C) consistency of sampling error
D) set of elements to which the sample is to be generalized

Question 39

A sample that looks similar to the population from which it was selected in all respects that are potentially relevant to the study is known as a(n) ______ sample.

A) representative
B) irrepressible
C) reformed
D) unknowable

Question 40

In a census, of all the elements of a population, the probability that any particular element will be selected is 1.0.

Question 41

A researcher who draws conclusions about group-level processes from individual-level data is constructing an ecological fallacy.

Question 42

Because each stratum is represented exactly in proportion to its size in the population from which the sample is drawn, by using proportionate stratified sampling you would eliminate any possibility of error in distribution of a variable.

Question 43

St. Jean (2007) used purposive sampling for recruiting offenders in a Chicago neighborhood for research about the logic offenders used for setting up street drug dealing and staging robberies.

Question 44

Purposive sampling is a method of sampling in which sample elements are selected as they are identified by successive informants or interviewees.

Question 45

To avoid sampling bias, we could create a list of convicted felons sorted by offense type, age, or some other characteristic of the population.

Question 46

The more homogeneous the population, the more confidence we can have in the representativeness of a sample of any particular size.

Question 47

Including cell phone numbers in a phone survey can introduce bias.

Question 48

A cluster is a naturally occurring, mixed aggregate of elements of the population.

Question 49

Multistage cluster sampling requires less prior information than stratified sampling.

Question 50

Availability samples are generalizable to a larger population.

Question 51

In simple random sampling, every sample element is selected only on the basis of chance through a random process.

Question 52

When data about individuals are used to make inferences about group-level processes, a problem occurs, known as the reductionist fallacy.

Question 53

Systematic random sampling is a convenient method for drawing a random sample when the population elements are not arranged sequentially.

Question 54

Quota sampling is another name for judgment sampling.

Question 55

Quota sampling is intended to overcome availability sampling's biggest downfall.

Question 56

Dr. Poldark is using availability sampling when she has her students complete a short questionnaire at the end of class.

Question 57

Simple random sampling uses information known about the total population prior to sampling to make the sampling process more efficient.

Question 58

Drawing a cluster sample is a one-stage procedure.

Question 59

When collecting a sample using nonprobability sampling techniques, elements within the population have a known probability of being selected into the sample.

Question 60

When selecting or evaluating a sample, the researcher must understand exactly what population they represent.

Question 61

What is a Census? Provide an example of a census. How does it affect the issue of generalizability? Why is it that social scientists don't use them more often?

Question 62

Dr. Smithson is interested in whether students at East High School in Columbus, Ohio, feel safe while they are on their way to and from school, and while at school. He contacts the school, and arranges to go to several classrooms to distribute a survey regarding perception of safety. Why would it not be appropriate to generalize findings to all high schools in Columbus?

Question 63

What are Units of Analysis? Why are they important? How can errors be made when generalizing from one unit of analysis to another?

Question 64

How does sampling error relate to sample generalizability?

Question 65

What is the purpose of sampling? As part of your answer, define sample, population, sampling frame, and sample elements.

Question 66

What is the difference between probability and nonprobability sampling? How does each relate to sample generalizability?

Question 67

Why would the use of stratified random sampling be more efficient than simple random sampling? Why might it be more representative of smaller groups within a population? As part of your answer, discuss the use of proportionate and disproportionate stratified sampling.

Question 68

Describe simple random sampling.

Question 69

Generalizability has two aspects. What are they? As part of your answer, name, describe, and provide an example for each.

Question 70

When is cluster sampling useful? As part of your answer, describe multistage cluster sampling.

Question 71

Name and describe four types of nonprobability sampling methods.

Question 72

What is systematic random sampling? What are the required steps?

Question 73

What two ways does Schofield (2002) suggest for increasing the generalizability of samples in nonprobability sampling methods in qualitative research?

Question 74

When is sampling unnecessary? What assumptions must be made? What are the potential problems with these assumptions?

Question 75

Describe stratified random sampling. Why is it more efficient than simple random sampling?