Deck 1: Science, Society, and Research Related to Criminal Justice and Criminology

Question 1

Research which seeks to determine the effects of a social program or intervention is known as ______.

A) description
B) exploratory
C) explanation
D) evaluation

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The belief that reality is socially constructed and the goal of social scientists is to understand what meanings people give to that reality is known as ______.

A) positivism
B) postpositivism
C) interpretivism
D) critical theory

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which error are we committing when we prematurely jump to conclusions?

A) selective observation
B) resistance to change
C) inaccurate observation
D) illogical reasoning

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The study of bumps and fissures of the skull to determine the character and personality of a person is known as ______.

A) pseudoscience
B) phrenology
C) epistemology
D) philatelology

Question 5

Overgeneralization occurs when we ______.

A) choose to look only at things that align with our preferences or beliefs
B) conclude that what we have observed or know to be true for some cases is true for all cases
C) prematurely jump to conclusions or argue on the basis of invalid assumptions
D) are reluctant to change our ideas in light of new information

Question 6

As described in your text book, "everyday errors" refer to errors that ______.

A) frequently occur in nonscientific, unreflective discourse about the social world
B) are rarely identified in social research
C) easy to avoid in research
D) have little to do with logic in analyzing the social world

Question 7

After examining all of the interview transcripts, Madfis (2014) develop themes that emerged among them all. This is known as ______ research.

A) exploratory
B) explanatory
C) conceptual
D) prevalential

Question 8

The branch of philosophy that studies how knowledge is gained or acquired is known as ______.

A) pseudoscience
B) phrenology
C) epistemology
D) philatelology

Question 9

Postpositivists are closely related to positivists because they ______.

A) don't acknowledge the complexity of an objective, external reality
B) acknowledge that there are limitations and biases on the part of the scientists who study objective reality
C) worry that researchers may be unable to discover positive social effects of computer use
D) are sure we can use scientific methods to perceive objective reality

Question 10

Research which seeks to find the answer to the question "what is going on here?" is known as ______.

A) expositional
B) exploratory
C) explanatory
D) evaluatory

Question 11

Critical theory focuses on the premise that power differences shape ______.

A) the power relationships among people that solidify over time
B) how interesting people are over time
C) very little of social interactions among people
D) and have little to do with challenges to societal structures over time

Question 12

According to your text, ______ research is the primary focus of many studies of youth crime and violence.

A) questioning
B) prevalence
C) descriptive
D) victimization

Question 13

Esbensen and colleagues considered the long-term effects of the G.R.E.A.T. program using an experimental design, which is ______ research.

A) descriptive
B) exploration
C) explanation
D) evaluation

Question 14

Madfis' (2014) research let the people interviewed speak for themselves and didn't come up with questions designed to measure concepts such as violence or delinquency. This type of research is known as ______.

A) exploratory
B) explanatory
C) conceptual
D) prevalential

Question 15

We commit the error of selective observation when we ______.

A) decide that what we observe in a small group must be true for the larger group as well
B) jump to conclusions about how media affects gratuitous violence by individuals
C) choose to look only at things that align with our preferences or beliefs
D) don't critically evaluate the ideas of those in positions of authority

Question 16

Many people consider ______ to be the premier goal of any science.

A) exploration
B) explanation
C) evaluation
D) transparency

Question 17

______ asserts that a well-designed test of a specific prediction can move us closer to understanding actual social processes.

A) Explanatory research
B) Exploratory research
C) Positivism
D) Postpositivism

Question 18

The goal of science is to achieve ______ agreement among scientists about the nature of reality.

A) postpositivist
B) positivist
C) objective
D) intersubjective

Question 19

Collins (1991) suggested that being sensitive to being in an "outside" role within social situations ______.

A) is never advantageous
B) limits researchers with regard to the utilization of types of research methodologies
C) may have unique advantages for researchers
D) has little effect on social research methodology

Question 20

______ research seeks to identify cause and effects of social phenomena.

A) Expositional
B) Exploratory
C) Explanatory
D) Evaluatory

Question 21

In general, research methods can be divided into two different domains, ______ and ______.

A) questionnaires; participatory action reports
B) qualitative; quantitative
C) interpretivist; quantitative
D) quantitative; explanatory

Question 22

Cho Seung-Hui perpetrated the deadliest college mass school shooting in Virginia in 2007.

Question 23

The Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) estimates ______.

A) behavior of students in the 5^th and 6^th grades in Rochester
B) the magnitude of youth violence, conducted every two years in the US since 1990
C) the aversion of school shootings in Rochester
D) how people get along in stressful settings, such as school shootings

Question 24

An example of the type of indirect measurement known as ______ is when a researcher studies representations of the research topic in news articles.

A) crime mapping
B) quantitative analysis
C) inquiry analysis
D) content analysis

Question 25

True experiments must have ______.

A) only one random intervention group
B) non-random assignment to groups
C) quasi-treatment groups
D) two randomly assigned groups (one treatment and one non-treatment)

Question 26

Selective observation occurs when we conclude that what we observe is true for all cases.

Question 27

The reanalysis of already existing data is known as ______ data analysis.

A) primary
B) tertiary
C) content
D) secondary

Question 28

Everyday errors occur infrequently in the nonscientific, unreflective discourse about the social world.

Question 29

Surveys that collect written responses to questions as well as primarily quantitative data such as age of respondent utilize ______.

A) quantitative data
B) qualitative data
C) mixed methods
D) quadrangle data

Question 30

If you think that all youths who are violent are likely to commit violent acts in adulthood, you will probably find many cases that confirm your belief.

Question 31

Which type of methods are most likely to be employed when looking for meanings in research?

A) interpretivist
B) quantitative
C) qualitative
D) authentic

Question 32

When a researcher uses primarily predetermined categories on questionnaires, which type of method is he/she employing to gather information?

A) quantitative
B) qualitative
C) interpretivist
D) exploratory

Question 33

The four categories for purposes of social scientific research are ______.

A) descriptive, numerical, qualitative, and explanatory
B) exploratory, explanatory, evaluative, and empirical
C) descriptive, exploratory, explanatory, and evaluation
D) evaluative, descriptive, phenomenological, and definitional

Question 34

Whyte (1991) proposed a more activist approach to research ______.

A) where the researcher should not be an active participant in the research
B) that argues that researchers should not collaborate with the person(s) being studied
C) called Research Against Activism (RAA)
D) called participatory action research (PAR)

Question 35

Overgeneralization occurs when we conclude that what we have observed for some cases is true for all cases.

Question 36

A way of knowing that relies on objective, empirical investigation is known as ______.

A) methodology
B) transparency
C) data analysis
D) epistemology

Question 37

Examining the relationship between criminal behavior and other social indicators, such as type of neighborhood, may utilize ______.

A) intensive interviewing of employers in the state
B) crime mapping
C) questionnaires sent to residents of the United States
D) secondary data analysis of data from the early 1900s

Question 38

______ methods are most often used when motives for research are descriptive purposes.

A) Explanatory
B) Quantitative
C) Authentic
D) Research

Question 39

When a researcher uses more than one method to study a research question, he/she is relying on ______.

A) primary data collection
B) triangulation
C) the ability to use less clear data to find an answer
D) quantitative data collection

Question 40

Probably the most versatile research method used by criminological researchers is ______.

A) experiments
B) triangulated research questions
C) surveys
D) participant observation

Question 41

Positivists believe that the goal of science is to achieve intersubjective agreement among scientists.

Question 42

Exploratory research suggests how one type of social phenomena, like race, affect other social phenomena, like neighborhood characteristics.

Question 43

Research that investigates social phenomena without expectations is exploratory.

Question 44

Combining surveys and intensive interviewing techniques is one way to use mixed methods.

Question 45

Evaluation research seeks to determine the effects of a social program or other type of intervention.

Question 46

The Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) program has been rigorously evaluated to ensure.

Question 47

If the data collected are numerical, the study uses quantitative methods.

Question 48

Pseudoscience involves claims based on beliefs and/or public testimonials, not on the scientific method.

Question 49

Madfis' (2014) research, which didn't come up with questions prior to the interview but rather let the people he interviewed speak for themselves, was explanatory.

Question 50

Inaccurate observations often occur in everyday observation, such as when there are five people standing at a corner but we report seeing seven.

Question 51

Explanatory research seeks to identify cause and effects of social phenomena.

Question 52

Postpositivism asserts that a well-designed test of a specific prediction can help us to understand social processes.

Question 53

Positivism and postpostivism represent an opposing research philosophy to interpretivism.

Question 54

Evaluation research is the primary focus of studies that ask questions like "How many people are victims of violence?" and "What are the most common crimes committed by youthful offenders?"

Question 55

Not enough devotion to tradition can stifle adaptation to changing circumstances.

Question 56

Exploration is the most common motive for using quantitative methods.

Question 57

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) asks questions like "Has anyone attacked or threatened you with a weapon?

Question 58

The use of triangulation suggests that a researcher can get a clearer picture of the social reality being studied by viewing it from several different perspectives.

Question 59

Methodology is a way of knowing that relies on objective, empirical investigation.

Question 60

Positivism assumes an external objective reality.

Question 61

What is the difference between social science and pseudoscience?

Question 62

What is Crime Mapping? How is it used and why is it important?

Question 63

What are three reasons we might commit the everyday error known as "resistance to change"?

Question 64

What is epistemology and how does it relate to methodology?

Question 65

What is the NCVS? Who does it survey, and what is the topic? Why is it important?

Question 66

What is secondary data analysis? Why is it important?

Question 67

What are motivations for social research?

Question 68

What is the Rochester Youth Development Study?

Question 69

What is Intersubjective Agreement?

Question 70

Define positivism and postpositivism. What are differences?

Question 71

What are the four common errors in everyday reasoning?

Question 72

How does transparency and peer review fit with scientific research?

Question 73

What are Mixed Methods?

Question 74

What are the four types of social research?

Question 75

What is the YRBS? What does it measure?

Question 76

What are quantitative methods and qualitative methods? What are the differences?