Deck 15: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics

Question 1

In the skeletal muscle pump, milking is likely to stop if

A) the production of blood vessels decreases
B) the size of lumen increases
C) blood pressure increases
D) blood viscosity decreases
E) the elasticity of muscular arteries increases

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A blood vessel with thin, porous walls that facilitate the exchange of substances between blood and body tissues is known as a/an

A) artery
B) vein
C) capillary
D) arteriole
E) venule

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Arteries

A) carry blood towards the heart
B) function as pressure reservoirs
C) contain valves
D) have thinner walls than veins
E) play an important role in the skeletal muscle pump

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is the primary function of the smooth muscle of a blood vessel?

A) It enhances capillary permeability.
B) It regulates the diameter of the lumen.
C) It secretes chemical mediators that influence the contraction of a blood vessel.
D) It provides resistance to blood flow.
E) It maintains blood flow during ventricular relaxation.

Question 5

What would be a likely consequence if the endothelial lining of capillary walls included smooth muscle cells and connective tissues?

A) Passage of lymph consisting of lymphocytes would be restricted.
B) Resistance to blood flow would increase.
C) The process of milking would be terminated.
D) Nutrient exchange and waste emission would be limited.
E) The risk for varicose veins would increase.

Question 6

Which of the following is a function of systemic veins?

A) draining excessive interstitial fluid from tissue spaces
B) initiating immune responses against foreign particles
C) transporting immature lymphocytes to sites of maturation
D) transporting filtered plasma proteins from the lymph to the blood
E) providing reserve blood to tissues during emergencies

Question 7

In the process of vasomotion, the smooth muscles of precapillary sphincters contract and relax alternately resulting in intermittent blood flow through capillaries.

Question 8

The actions of which of the following help maintain adequate blood circulation during diastole?

A) elastic arteries
B) muscular arteries
C) continuous capillaries
D) sinusoids
E) venules

Question 9

Identify the true statement about a metarteriole.

A) It functions as a shunt to help blood avoid the capillaries.
B) It extends from an artery to a vein.
C) It is permeable to large substances in the blood.
D) The metarteriole wall is devoid of a basement membrane.
E) The metarteriole structure is similar to that of a vein.

Question 10

Identify the part indicated in the image.

A) vesicle
B) basement membrane
C) nucleus of endothelial cell
D) lumen
E) intercellular cleft

Question 11

The process that results in an increase in the blood volume flowing to the skeletal muscles is known as

A) venoconstriction
B) vasomotion
C) vasoconstriction
D) capillary exchange
E) bulk flow

Question 12

Arterioles are also known as resistance vessels because of their

A) large number
B) thick walls
C) recoil ability
D) small diameters
E) large radii

Question 13

The second step in the image below is unlikely to be seen when an individual

A) has legs of unequal length
B) is in a supine position
C) has a leg injury
D) is cycling
E) is running

Question 14

Which of the following blood vessels are collectively known as microcirculation?

A) arteries, veins, and capillaries
B) arterioles, capillaries, and venules
C) veins, capillaries, and venules
D) arterioles, arteries, and capillaries
E) veins, venules, and arterioles

Question 15

The ability of a blood vessel's smooth muscle to maintain a state of partial contraction is called elastic recoil.

Question 16

A function of the respiratory pump is

A) assisting the skeletal muscle pump
B) enabling water and nutrient exchange between cells
C) stimulating endothelial cells to perform vasomotion
D) regulating air volume during inspiration and expiration
E) facilitating the flow of venous blood to the heart

Question 17

When the _____ system is at rest, most of the blood is found in the systemic veins and venules.

Question 18

Identify the structure shown in the image.

A) venules
B) sinusoids
C) fenestrated capillaries
D) metarteriole
E) arterioles

Question 19

Which of the following takes place during vasoconstriction?

A) diameter of the lumen increases
B) blood pressure drops drastically
C) smooth muscle cells become tense
D) vascular resistance increases
E) mean arterial pressure decreases

Question 20

Glucose is able to pass across capillary walls through intercellular clefts or fenestrations because it is

A) highly viscous
B) polar in nature
C) a lipid-soluble substance
D) a large molecule
E) anionic in nature

Question 21

Arterioles contribute the most resistance to blood flow among all the blood vessels by maintaining blood pressure.

Question 22

Assuming that blood vessels are of the same size, the vessel with the highest blood flow will be a vessel with a pressure of

A) 60 mmHg at one end and 15 mmHg on the other end
B) 50 mmHg at one end and 20 mmHg on the other end
C) 40 mmHg at one end and 25 mmHg on the other end
D) 50 mmHg at one end and 30 mmHg on the other end
E) 65 mmHg at one end and 25 mmHg on the other end

Question 23

Why is it easier for cancer cells present in the interstitial fluid to enter a lymphatic capillary than a blood capillary?

A) Unlike lymphatic capillary walls, blood capillary walls are lined with smooth muscle cells that prevent the entry of foreign substances.
B) Unlike blood capillaries, lymphatic capillaries have overlapping ends that facilitate easier passage for interstitial fluid.
C) Lymphatic capillaries have thinner walls than blood capillaries.
D) The endothelial cells lining the lymphatic capillary walls facilitate quicker transcytosis of substances than blood capillaries.
E) The spaces between the endothelial cells of lymphatic capillaries are larger than the pores of blood capillaries.

Question 24

If an individual's blood studies show decreased resistance to blood flow, he or she is likely to be suffering from

A) polycythemia
B) dehydration
C) anemia
D) obesity
E) malaria

Question 25

Identify a true statement in the context of capillary exchange.

A) It involves movement of substances between lymph and interstitial fluid.
B) Erythrocytes are able to pass across capillary walls using this mechanism.
C) Blood-brain barriers do little to inhibit capillary exchange in the brain.
D) Transcytosis is the most important method of capillary exchange.
E) Sinusoids allow capillary exchange of molecules such as plasma proteins and blood cells.

Question 26

Identify the correct representation of the flow equation.

A) F = R/∆P
B) F = ∆P/R
C) F = ∆P*R
D) F = ∆P+R
E) F = R-∆P

Question 27

What would it mean if net filtration pressure is -5 mmHg?

A) net inward pressure and fluid filtration
B) net inward pressure and fluid reabsorption
C) net outward pressure and fluid filtration
D) net outward pressure and fluid reabsorption

Question 28

If diastolic pressure is 90 mmHg and systolic pressure is 180 mmHg, what would mean arterial pressure be?

A) 90 mmHg
B) 120 mmHg
C) 150 mmHg
D) 210 mmHg
E) 270 mmHg

Question 29

Which of the following statements BEST describes the term bulk flow?

A) It is the process in which substances pass across capillary walls by being enclosed in tiny vesicles.
B) It is the osmosis of large quantities of fluids and solutes from capillary walls to surrounding tissues.
C) It is the movement of large numbers of ions, molecules, or particles in the same direction.
D) It is the movement of substances from blood into capillaries against the pressure gradient.
E) It is the process by which solute exchange takes placed between blood and interstitial fluid.

Question 30

What happens when protein content in the interstitial fluid increases?

A) The osmosis of fluid from blood into the interstitial space decreases.
B) The osmosis of fluid from blood into the interstitial space increases.
C) The diffusion of proteins from the interstitial space to the blood increases.
D) The diffusion of proteins from the interstitial space to the blood decreases.
E) It has no effect on the osmosis of fluid or the diffusion of proteins.

Question 31

Which factor remains unaffected during the build-up of severe plaque inside the walls of coronary arteries?

A) blood pressure
B) venous return
C) total peripheral resistance
D) systolic pressure
E) parasympathetic stimulation

Question 32

Blood flow is inversely proportional to the pressure gradient.

Question 33

Capillary exchange is less inhibited in the hypothalamus due to the lack of the blood-brain barrier.

Question 34

What do the arrows in the image indicate?

A) the direction of diffusion of plasma proteins
B) the pressure gradient between the surrounding cells and the capillary
C) the fenestrations on the lymphatic capillary walls
D) movement of interstitial fluid into the lymphatic capillary
E) movement of lymph into the lymphatic capillary

Question 35

What would happen if both arteriole length and vasodilation decrease at the same time?

A) blood pressure would decrease
B) blood flow rate would decrease
C) friction between the arteriolar walls would increase
D) resistance by the blood flow would increase
E) blood viscosity would increase

Question 36

Identify a consequence that can be attributed to the failure of one of the starling forces.

A) Lymphatic vessels fail to drain excess interstitial fluid.
B) Fluids from blood fail to pass into interstitial spaces.
C) Unfiltered plasma proteins pass into the interstitial fluid.
D) Lymphocytes fail to pass through capillary walls.
E) Metabolic waste substances pass into the interstitial spaces.

Question 37

Resistance in blood flow in a blood vessel increases with

A) a decrease in plasma protein levels
B) an increase in blood viscosity
C) a decrease in blood vessel length
D) an increase in capillary exchange
E) a decrease in blood vessel radius

Question 38

The pressure difference between the inside and outside walls of a hollow object is known as ____ pressure.

Question 39

Pressure-driven movement of fluids and solutes from interstitial fluid into blood capillaries is called _____.

Question 40

The direction of fluid movement is determined by

A) capillary hydrostatic pressure
B) interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
C) plasma colloid osmotic pressure
D) interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure
E) net filtration pressure

Question 41

While examining a patient with a heart condition, the physician notices heart murmurs. Identify the true statement in the context of this scenario.

A) The patient's blood flow is turbulent.
B) Blood flow to the patient's heart is limited.
C) There is minimal resistance to the patient's blood flow.
D) The patient's blood flow is laminar.
E) The patient's blood flow is intermittent.

Question 42

What happens when blood flow is turbulent?

A) organs get more blood
B) blood and blood vessel wall interactions increase
C) blood vessels burst, causing fatality
D) resistance to blood flow decreases
E) blood flow resembles smooth layers gliding over one another

Question 43

Blood is most likely to spurt from an injury when the injured or damaged blood vessel is a/an

A) artery
B) vein
C) capillary
D) venule
E) arteriole

Question 44

What is the physiology behind the increase in our heart rate in fight-or-flight situations?

A) Epinephrine binds to β₂ receptors and leads to the vasodilation of the cardiac muscle arterioles.
B) Norepinephrine binds to β₂ receptors and leads to the vasoconstriction of the cardiac muscle arterioles.
C) Epinephrine binds to α₁ receptors and leads to the vasodilation of the cardiac muscle arterioles.
D) Norepinephrine binds to α₁ receptors and leads to the vasoconstriction of the cardiac muscle arterioles.
E) Epinephrine binds to α₂ receptors and leads to the vasodilation of the cardiac muscle arterioles.

Question 45

Identify the circumstance that is likely to cause the onset of active hyperemia.

A) an individual getting up from a low chair
B) an individual resting
C) an individual walking slowly
D) an individual meditating
E) an individual jogging before a workout

Question 46

In the pulmonary circulation, a low level of _____ causes vasoconstriction of arterioles.

Question 47

Imagine you have two blood vessels that are identical, except that one is longer than the other. The resistance to blood flow will be greater in the shorter vessel.

Question 48

The rate of blood flow to which part of our body is independent of changes in the body's metabolic demand?

A) liver
B) kidney
C) brain
D) skin
E) heart

Question 49

In the case of tissue inflammation, the release of which paracrine helps regulate arteriole radii and blood flow?

A) superoxide radicals
B) endothelin
C) thromboxane
D) bradykinin
E) serotonin

Question 50

A state of partial contraction exhibited by arteriolar smooth muscle is called ____ ____.

Question 51

The hydrostatic pressure that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels is known as

A) transmural pressure
B) blood pressure
C) plasma colloid pressure
D) mean arterial pressure
E) venous pressure

Question 52

How does adenosine initiate vasodilation of a coronary arteriole?

A) by binding to second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate
B) by activating a protein kinase
C) by binding to an A_2A purinergic receptor
D) by phosphorylating an adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel
E) by hyperpolarizing the cell membrane

Question 53

Which of the following definitions correctly describes plasma colloid osmotic pressure?

A) the pressure on capillary walls due to the presence of plasma proteins
B) the pressure on capillary walls due to the immobilization of plasma protein colloids
C) the pressure exerted on the inner surfaces of capillary walls by water in blood
D) the pressure exerted on the outer surfaces of capillary walls by water in interstitial fluid

Question 54

Mean arterial pressure is likely to decrease when

A) blood vessel radius decreases
B) blood viscosity decreases
C) stroke volume increases
D) heart rate increases
E) β₂-adrenergic receptors are activated

Question 55

Venous pressures are typically low because veins have low compliance.

Question 56

How does reactive hyperemia differ from active hyperemia?

A) Reactive hyperemia is characterized by excess cellular consumption of oxygen, while active hyperemia is characterized by depletion of cellular oxygen.
B) Reactive hyperemia is caused by a blocked blood supply, while active hyperemia is caused by an increase in metabolic activity.
C) Reactive hyperemia involves the action of paracrines, while active hyperemia involves a myogenic response.
D) Reactive hyperemia involves vasodilation of nearby arterioles, while active hyperemia involves vasoconstriction of arterioles.
E) Reactive hyperemia involves removal of metabolites from tissues, while active hyperemia does not.

Question 57

What happens when blood flows through the systemic circulation after leaving the aorta?

A) blood pressure increases
B) blood pressure decreases
C) blood pressure remains constant
D) blood flow becomes turbulent
E) blood flow rate increases

Question 58

Identify the true statement about a pulse.

A) It occurs due to the alternate expansion and recoil of an artery after each systole of the left ventricle.
B) It causes the blood to exert a hydrostatic pressure, generated due to ventricular contraction, on the walls of blood vessels.
C) It is strongest in the capillaries near the heart.
D) It is normally higher than the heart rate.
E) It can be palpated using the subclavian artery.

Question 59

_____ is defined as the change in volume per unit change of transmural pressure.

Question 60

Identify the equation that correctly matches compliance.

A) R = ηL/r⁴
B) F = πΔPr⁴/8ηL
C) F = ΔP/R
D) *C = ΔV/ΔP

Question 61

The mean arterial pressure is maintained by a positive feedback loop involving the cardiovascular center.

Question 62

An individual with a history of atherosclerosis experiences severe chest pain. He or she is likely to go into a/an

A) obstructive shock
B) vascular shock
C) hypovolemic shock
D) cardiogenic shock
E) anaphylactic shock

Question 63

Where are chemoreceptors located?

A) aortic bodies
B) vagus nerves
C) glossopharyngeal nerves
D) vasomotor nerves
E) posterior pituitary

Question 64

How does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulate mean arterial pressure?

A) by producing the hormone angiotensin II
B) by regulating blood vessel length
C) by stimulating the production of vasopressin
D) by inhibiting the activation of β₂-adrenergic receptors
E) by inhibiting the production of aldosterone

Question 65

If blood flow is 88 cm³/sec under resting conditions, what is the velocity of blood flow in venules that have a cross-sectional area of 2000 cm²?

A) 0.044 cm/sec
B) 0.02 cm/sec
C) 0.22 cm/sec
D) 4.4 cm/sec
E) 2.2 cm/sec

Question 66

A disadvantage of using a vasodilator is that

A) it causes contraction of precapillary smooth muscles
B) it decreases total peripheral resistance
C) it decreases blood flow through capillary beds
D) it increases blood pressure
E) it increases venous return

Question 67

Identify a symptom of shock.

A) decreased blood levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine
B) increased urine formation
C) high blood pH
D) systolic blood pressure lower than 90 mmHg
E) increased dilation of skin blood vessels

Question 68

A man ruptures an aortic aneurysm that results in excessive blood loss. What course of action should a doctor take to treat him?

A) refer the patient to a surgeon
B) replace the victim's body fluids
C) treat the victim for glomerulosclerosis
D) start the victim on vasodilators
E) administer an antihypertensive drug to the victim

Question 69

Imagine you are stung by a bee. Why are you likely to exhibit signs of edema?

A) due to excessive lymphatic drainage
B) due to excessive reabsorption
C) due to increase in capillary permeability
D) due to inadequate filtration
E) due to increased concentration of plasma proteins

Question 70

A shock can be best described as the failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver sufficient oxygen and nutrients to meet cellular metabolic needs.

Question 71

The organ involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is the

A) pancreas
B) thymus
C) spleen
D) kidney
E) appendix

Question 72

Baroreceptors that initiate the carotid sinus reflex help regulate systemic blood pressure, while baroreceptors that initiate the aortic reflex help regulate blood pressure in the brain.