Deck 22: Metabolic Adaptations, Energy Balance, and Temperature Regulation

Question 1

Why do red blood cells derive all of their adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from glycolysis of glucose?

A) Electron transport chain and Krebs cycle do not produce sufficient ATP for red blood cells to transport oxygen.
B) Electron transport chain and Krebs cycle are active only during the absorptive state of metabolism.
C) Electron transport chain and Krebs cycle take place in the mitochondria, which is absent in red blood cells.
D) Glycolysis takes place within the lysosomes of the red blood cells.
E) Glycolysis takes place within the nucleus of the red blood cells.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A man who is undertaking a hunger protest claims to have survived without having food for a period of two months. He claims to have consumed only water to prevent dehydration. In this scenario, what is likely the reason for the man's ability to survive without food?

A) ability of his body to conserve 10% of the adenosine triphosphate produced in glycogenesis
B) breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, which produces adenosine triphosphate
C) increase in the catabolism of lipids and proteins stored in his body
D) metabolism of stored vitamins, which produces nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
E) ability of his body to preserve excess glycogen for several months

Answer 2

C

Question 3

When do the pancreatic alpha cells release the hormone glucagon?

A) when secretion of insulin starts to decrease
B) when blood glucose concentration starts to drop
C) when release of epinephrine stops
D) when release of norepinephrine stops
E) when pancreatic beta cells are activated

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Glucose _____ means that most body cells switch to other fuels besides glucose as their main source of energy, leaving more glucose in the blood for the brain and red blood cells.

Question 5

Stressful situations such as low blood glucose, hot or cold temperatures, fear, or trauma ultimately cause the release of the hormone _____ from the adrenal gland, which in turn promotes gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and protein catabolism.

Question 6

During the absorptive state of metabolism, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide stimulates the pancreatic _____ _____ to release insulin.

Question 7

What is the function of insulin in the regulation of metabolism during the absorptive state?

A) It inhibits the insertion of glucose transporter type 4 into the plasma membranes of most body cells.
B) It inhibits the synthesis of triglycerides and proteins.
C) It inhibits the entry of glucose and amino acids into cells of many tissues.
D) It increases the activity of enzymes needed for anabolism.
E) It increases the activity of enzymes needed for catabolic or breakdown reactions.

Question 8

During catabolism of amino acids, the amino acids that enter the hepatocytes are

A) modified to form pyruvic acid
B) converted to proteins to be stored in skeletal muscles
C) deaminated to keto acids
D) stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen
E) deaminated to nucleic acids

Question 9

What happens in the postabsorptive state of metabolism?

A) Excess glucose or amino acids are converted to fatty acids for use in the synthesis of triglycerides.
B) Some of the glucose that may be in excess of the body's needs is converted into glycogen.
C) Energy is supplied by the breakdown of the body's own nutrient stores.
D) Fatty acids are packaged into very low-density lipoproteins and carried to adipose tissue.
E) Ingested nutrients enter the bloodstream to provide energy for the body.

Question 10

Where does glycogenesis take place?

A) liver lipocytes
B) hepatocytes
C) adipocytes
D) prokaryotic cells
E) kidney cortex cells

Question 11

Before glucose can be used by body cells, it must first pass through the plasma membrane and enter the cytosol.

Question 12

The fatty acids released by the lipolysis of triglycerides cannot be used for glucose production because

A) they cannot pass through electron transport chain
B) acetyl coenzyme A cannot be readily converted to pyruvic acid
C) lipase enzymes cannot breakdown fatty acids into pyruvate
D) they are present within vacuoles that are inaccessible to enzymes
E) they are unable to accept a hydroxide group to form glucose

Question 13

Which nutrient is the body's main energy source during the absorptive state of metabolism?

A) fiber
B) water
C) protein
D) calcium
E) glucose

Question 14

In the context of absorptive state reactions, which process converts excess glucose or amino acids to fatty acids for use in the synthesis of triglycerides?

A) glycogenesis
B) lipogenesis
C) glycogenolysis
D) lipolysis
E) gluconeogenesis

Question 15

What happens during the process of lipolysis?

A) triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol
B) cholesterol is broken down into apolipoproteins
C) glycogen is broken down into glucose 6-phosphate
D) lipids are converted to esters and fatty amides
E) fatty acids are used for production of glucose

Question 16

What happens in the absorptive state of metabolism?

A) Ingested nutrients enter the bloodstream to provide energy for the body.
B) Energy is supplied by the breakdown of the body's own nutrient stores.
C) Substances that have reached their threshold concentration are eliminated.
D) Liver glycogenolysis takes place to produce glucose.
E) Lipolysis takes place in the adipose tissue of the body.

Question 17

What is the process by which glucose is formed from lactic acid, glycerol, or an amino acid?

A) glycogenolysis
B) glucose sparing
C) glycogenesis
D) gluconeogenesis
E) glycolysis

Question 18

What is the normal blood glucose level?

A) 70-110 mg/100 mL
B) 40-60 mg/100 mL
C) 120-130 mg/100 mL
D) 20-40 mg/100 mL
E) 240-360 mg/100 mL

Question 19

Glucose transporter moves phosphorylated glucose over the plasma membranes of most body cells via facilitated diffusion.

Question 20

Which of the following happens as blood glucose levels decline?

A) the release of anti-insulin hormones is increased
B) the level of fatty acids in the blood is decreased
C) the breakdown of glycogen is inhibited
D) the release of norepinephrine is inhibited
E) the release of glucagon is inhibited

Question 21

_____ is a feeling of fullness accompanied by lack of desire to eat.

Question 22

When does the metabolic rate of the body increase?

A) when norepinephrine release is inhibited
B) when the blood levels of thyroid hormones rise
C) when the body temperature is low
D) when the body is completely at rest
E) when food-induced thermogenesis is reduced

Question 23

A _____ is defined as the amount of energy in the form of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C.

Question 24

What would happen if the neurotransmitter ghrelin is blocked?

A) It will stimulate release of neuropeptide Y.
B) It will increase gastrointestinal motility.
C) It will increase secretion of gastric acid.
D) It will decrease appetite.
E) It will decrease energy expenditure.

Question 25

The calorigenic effect is the

A) rise in body temperature due to increased metabolic rate induced by thyroid hormones
B) rise in metabolic rate by 15 times due to strenuous exercise
C) reduction in basal metabolic rate of the body as a result of activated sympathetic nerves
D) rise in basal metabolic rate due to active ingestion of food
E) reduction in body temperature due to evaporation of water from the surface of the skin

Question 26

What is the function of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A) They inhibit the release of the hormone leptin.
B) They cause the dilation of blood vessels.
C) They increase the metabolic rate of body cells.
D) They cause the contraction of smooth muscle in the airways.
E) They cause the relaxation of smooth muscle in the arterioles.

Question 27

What is the function of the hormone leptin in the body?

A) helps decrease the metabolic activity of the body
B) increases the desire to eat
C) inhibits action potentials that trigger satiety
D) helps decrease adiposity
E) produces an immune response by increasing body temperature

Question 28

The level of ketone bodies in the blood normally is very low because other tissues use them for ATP production as fast as they are generated from the breakdown of fatty acids in the liver.

Question 29

A pack of cookies contains 20 g of carbohydrates. In this scenario, calculate the number of kilocalories that can be produced by carbohydrates.

A) 40 kcal
B) 80 kcal
C) 20 kcal
D) 110 kcal
E) 120 kcal

Question 30

What is the range of basal metabolic rate in adults per day?

A) 600-1000 kcal
B) 1200-1800 kcal
C) 2000-2400 kcal
D) 400-600 kcal
E) 2400-3000 kcal

Question 31

As more triglycerides are stored in the body, more leptin is secreted into the bloodstream.

Question 32

What is the most dramatic metabolic change that occurs with fasting and starvation?

A) catabolism of muscle proteins speeds up
B) ketone body production increases as catabolism of fatty acids rises
C) gluconeogenesis takes place in excess
D) glycolysis takes place in excess
E) insulin level increases to metabolize the excess glucose produced

Question 33

Food-induced thermogenesis is greatest after eating a meal rich in carbohydrates and lipids.

Question 34

How much energy is yielded in the catabolism of carbohydrates and proteins?

A) 11 kcal/g
B) 9 kcal/g
C) 7 kcal/g
D) 4 kcal/g
E) 8 kcal/g

Question 35

What is a function of neuropeptide Y?

A) increases the blood pressure
B) stores energy as glucose
C) increases body metabolism
D) acts as a vasodilator
E) stimulates food intake

Question 36

What is the consequence of accumulation of too many ketone bodies in the blood?

A) decrease in the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the blood
B) increase in the pH of the blood
C) over-excitability due to activation of the central nervous system
D) inactivation of the peripheral chemoreceptors
E) decrease in the secretion of insulin

Question 37

The hormone leptin stimulates the release of melanocortin.

Question 38

Convert 20 kilocalories to calories.

A) 2,000
B) 20,000
C) 200
D) 0.2
E) 0.002

Question 39

Which of the following contributes to termination of food intake?

A) release of cortisol
B) distension of the gastrointestinal tract
C) release of ghrelin
D) decrease in blood glucose level
E) release of neuropeptide Y

Question 40

The higher the metabolic rate, the lower the rate of heat production in the body.

Question 41

When phagocytes ingest certain bacteria, they are stimulated to secrete a fever-producing substance called _____.

Question 42

Identify the true statement about evaporation.

A) The rate of evaporation is inversely related to relative humidity.
B) Evaporation of water from a surface makes the surface warm.
C) It is the conversion of a solid to a vapor.
D) Evaporation results in overheating during strenuous exercises.
E) The smaller the surface area, the faster the evaporation.

Question 43

Conduction is the heat exchange that occurs

A) between molecules of two materials that are in direct contact with each other
B) by the movement of air or water between areas of different temperatures
C) in the form of infrared rays between a warmer object and a cooler one without physical contact
D) occurs collectively among molecules within liquids or gases
E) between the body and the atmosphere by evaporation of water from the skin surface

Question 44

Which hormone increases appetite and decreases energy expenditure?

A) glucagon
B) leptin
C) cholecystokinin
D) progesterone
E) estrogen

Question 45

How does an increase in the levels of thyroid hormones cause an increase in the body temperature?

A) they decrease the body's sensitivity to catecholamines
B) they stimulate the production of thyronamine
C) they slow down vitamin metabolism
D) they increase the metabolic rate of the body
E) they decrease protein synthesis

Question 46

A/an _____ is an elevation of the core temperature of a body caused by a resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat.

Question 47

What is the core temperature of the human body?

A) 42°C
B) 95.2°C
C) 98.6°C
D) 34°C
E) 37°C

Question 48

Shivering increases the rate of heat production in the body.

Question 49

Identify an example of heat transfer through convection.

A) An engine becomes hot after the car is started.
B) A pot of water is heated on a stove.
C) A cube of ice is placed on a man's palm.
D) An egg is cooked on a hot pan.
E) Heat from the sun warms a man's face.

Question 50

The control center that functions as the body's thermostat is a group of neurons in the anterior part of the hypothalamus, called the

A) corpus callosum
B) anterior commissure
C) optic chiasm
D) lamina terminalis
E) preoptic area

Question 51

_____ _____ is a chronic disorder characterized by self-induced weight loss, negative perception of body image, and physiological changes that result from nutritional depletion.

Question 52

_____ are agents that relieve or reduce fever.

Question 53

_____ is a disorder characterized by overeating at least twice a week followed by purging via self-induced vomiting, strict dieting or fasting, vigorous exercise, or use of laxatives or diuretics.

Question 54

How does vasoconstriction of blood vessels decrease the loss of heat from a body?

A) It stimulates osmosis of water from the interstitial fluid into blood vessels.
B) It lowers the systemic blood pressure.
C) It decreases the concentration of calcium in smooth muscle cells.
D) It decreases the flow of warm blood from the internal organs to the skin.
E) It decreases the rate of metabolism.

Question 55

_____ temperature is the temperature near the body surface-in the skin and subcutaneous layer.

Question 56

Accumulation of fat in the abdomen is associated with higher blood cholesterol level and other cardiac risk factors because adipose cells in this area appear to be more metabolically active.

Question 57

Which of the following is true of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase?

A) it functions as a heterodimer
B) it is very active in hip fat
C) it is less active in abdominal fat
D) it regulates triglyceride storage
E) it is a fat-soluble enzyme

Question 58

Identify a function of thyrotropin-releasing hormone.

A) It stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone.
B) It stimulates the release of melanocyte-stimulating hormone.
C) It inhibits the release of neuropeptide Y.
D) It induces vasodilation of blood vessels.
E) It inhibits the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Question 59

In the context of thermoregulation of a human body, what is a consequence of an increase in the core body temperature?

A) constriction of blood vessels in the skin
B) radiation conduction from outer skin to the core of the body
C) stimulation of the sweat glands in the skin
D) increased release of thyroid hormone
E) contraction and stretching of muscle spindles causing shivering

Question 60

A core body temperature that is too low causes

A) severe hypertension
B) cardiac arrhythmias
C) denaturation of body proteins
D) coagulopathy of blood
E) elevation of hepatic transaminases

Question 61

What is an effect of heatstroke?

A) blood flow to the skin is increased
B) perspiration is greatly reduced
C) body temperature is decreased
D) body metabolic rate is reduced
E) rate of heat loss is increased

Question 62

Which of the following is an effect of heat exhaustion?

A) the core temperature is high
B) skin becomes warm and dry
C) perspiration is less
D) fluids and electrolytes are lost
E) heartbeat is slow