Deck 21: The Digestive System

Question 1

The single-unit smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract consists of two types of cells. They are

A) autorhythmic fibers and contractile fibers
B) oxidative fibers and glycolytic fibers
C) elastic fibers and collagenous fibers
D) reticular fibers and autorhythmic fibers
E) contractile fibers and spindle fibers

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What is a function of the parts labeled A and B in the image below?

A) They help propel food along the gastrointestinal tract.
B) They secrete enzymes into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract that digest ingested food substances.
C) They secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
D) They facilitate the transfer of absorbed nutrients to the blood.
E) They hold the digestive system in place.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Identify the structure that is incorrectly paired with its respective function.

A) lips: keeps food between the upper and lower teeth
B) soft palate: elevates during swallowing to close off the pharynx
C) tongue: facilitates simultaneous chewing and breathing
D) salivary glands: secrete saliva that lubricates and dissolves food

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Identify the organ of the gastrointestinal tract indicated in the image.

A) pharynx
B) esophagus
C) larynx
D) tongue
E) epiglottis

Question 5

When the gastrointestinal reflex pathway is confined entirely within the gastrointestinal tract wall, then it is called a/an _____ _____.

Question 6

The sympathetic nerves that supply the gastrointestinal tract enhance gastrointestinal secretion and motility by inhibiting the neurons of the enteric nervous system.

Question 7

The capability of the gastrointestinal tract to mix and move material along its length is called _____.

Question 8

Identify the structure indicated in the image below.

A) uvula
B) tongue
C) teeth
D) lips
E) cheek

Question 9

In addition to being the outermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract, the _____ is also part of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal cavity.

Question 10

Identify an organ that is part of the gastrointestinal tract.

A) larynx
B) gallbladder
C) esophagus
D) pancreas
E) liver

Question 11

In the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, the epithelial cells that secrete hormones into the blood stream are collectively known as

A) exocrine cells
B) enteroendocrine cells
C) absorptive cells
D) intercalated cells
E) receptor cells

Question 12

_____ in the saliva lubricates food so it can be moved around easily in the mouth, formed into a ball, and swallowed.

Question 13

What is the function of the soft palate and the uvula?

A) They facilitate changes in the shape and size of the tongue for swallowing.
B) They keep food in the mouth between the upper and lower teeth.
C) They prevent the entry of food and liquid substances into the nasal cavity.
D) They facilitate the movement of the food to the back of the mouth for swallowing.
E) They propel the food along the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 14

Identify the tissue that is correctly matched with its appropriate function.

A) lamina propria: provides passage for nutrients absorbed by the GI tract to enter the blood
B) muscularis mucosae: facilitates voluntary swallowing
C) submucosa: lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs within that cavity
D) muscularis externa: provides the GI tract with distensibility and elasticity
E) peritoneum: increases surface area for digestion and absorption

Question 15

Muscular contractions of the accessory organs of the digestive system stimulate the physical breakdown of the food.

Question 16

The process of _____ refers to alternating muscular contractions that mix luminal contents in the small intestine in response to distension.

Question 17

Identify the digestive process indicated by the green arrow in the image below.

A) ingestion
B) absorption
C) digestion
D) motility
E) secretion

Question 18

Identify a function of the myenteric plexus.

A) increasing gastrointestinal surface area
B) regulating gastrointestinal secretion
C) regulating gastrointestinal tract motility
D) promoting nutrient absorption from the gastrointestinal tract
E) inhibiting secretion of hormones into the bloodstream

Question 19

The teeth is protected from wear and tear by the

A) mucus
B) enamel
C) teniae coli
D) haustra
E) uvula

Question 20

Identify the process depicted in the image.

A) peristalsis
B) segmentation
C) inspiration
D) expiration
E) distension

Question 21

Which of the following actions constitutes the voluntary stage of swallowing?

A) The tongue forces the bolus to move into the pharynx.
B) The entry of the bolus triggers the chemoreceptors in the pharynx.
C) The action potentials from the deglutination center trigger the elevation of the soft palate and the uvula.
D) The epiglottis closes to prevent the passage of the bolus into the larynx.
E) The upper esophageal sphincter relaxes to allow the entry of the bolus into the esophagus.

Question 22

Which enzyme breaks down dietary triglycerides in the stomach?

A) salivary amylase
B) carbonic anhydrase
C) pepsin
D) lingual lipase
E) chymotrypsin

Question 23

The soupy liquid obtained as a result of repeated propulsion and retropulsion is called _____.

Question 24

Identify the ion that the proton pump transports into the parietal cells.

A) HCO₃^-
B) K⁺
C) Cl^-
D) H⁺
E) O^2-

Question 25

The secretion of saliva is stimulated by the action potentials returning from the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei along parasympathetic fibers of the

A) hypoglossal and abducens nerves
B) facial and glossopharyngeal nerves
C) palatine and nasopalatine nerves
D) thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves
E) vagus and pelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 26

The cells in the stomach that produce the intrinsic factor needed for absorption of vitamin B12 are

A) chief cells
B) S cells
C) mucous neck cells
D) G cells
E) parietal cells

Question 27

Identify the labeled regions of the stomach where gastric emptying occurs?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 28

How does mastication help in the digestion process?

A) It enables the breakdown of dietary triglycerides into fatty acids and diglycerides.
B) It facilitates the digestion of starches in the ingested food.
C) It reduces food to a soft, flexible, and easily swallowed mass.
D) It prevents wear and tear of the teeth by buffering acids present in the ingested food.
E) It prevents the development of achalasia.

Question 29

The presence of which layer of the muscularis externa enhances gastric motility in the stomach?

A) oblique layer
B) longitudinal layer
C) mucosal layer
D) submucosal layer
E) circular layer

Question 30

Which enzyme is inactivated when chyme mixes with acidic gastric juice?

A) lingual lipase
B) salivary amylase
C) carbonic anhydrase
D) gastric lipase
E) pancreatic amylase

Question 31

Imagine that you have just finished a meal. A few minutes later, you regurgitate everything you had eaten. In addition to this, you experience a burning sensation near your heart. Which is a likely explanation for your symptoms?

A) gastroesophageal reflux disease
B) pulmonary edema
C) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
D) aneurysm
E) cardiogenic shock

Question 32

Identify the function of the epiglottis in coordination with organs A and B in the image. v

A) It hinders the passage of air from B to A.
B) Its movements help create air turbulence in A and B.
C) It prevents blood circulation between A and B.
D) It prevents the passage of food from A to B.
E) Its movements facilitate the humidification of air in A and B.

Question 33

Which cells are primarily concerned with the secretion of pepsinogen and gastric lipase?

A) parietal cells
B) mucous neck cells
C) chief cells
D) surface mucous cells
E) mast cells

Question 34

Identify the statement that correctly describes premolars.

A) One-cusped to tear and shred food
B) Three-cusped that crush and grind food
C) Chisel-shaped to cut into food
D) Two-cusped that crush and grind food

Question 35

_____, or swallowing, is the movement of food from the mouth into the stomach.

Question 36

Identify a step involved in the esophageal stage of swallowing.

A) The epiglottis covers the opening of the larynx.
B) Peristalsis facilitates the movement of the bolus to the stomach.
C) The soft palate and the uvula become elevated to block the nasal cavity.
D) The deglutination center in the brain stem gets activated.
E) Deglutination enables the bolus to enter the pharynx.

Question 37

What is most likely to happen if the parts labeled A in the image fail to relax?

A) narcosis
B) edema
C) pleurisy
D) atelectasis
E) achalasia

Question 38

Retropulsion occurs because

A) the fundus prevents the chyme from passing into the narrow pyloric sphincter
B) mostly the large food particles slow down the peristaltic movement in the fundus
C) the chemoreceptors and the stomach receptors are inactivated in the presence of food particles
D) the peristaltic waves of the body of the stomach constrict the antrum
E) most food particles in the stomach initially are too large to fit through the narrow pyloric sphincter

Question 39

The _____ _____ extends and develops into the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and the lower esophageal sphincter (LES).

Question 40

Propulsion is the movement of gastric contents from the body of the stomach to the antrum. This movement is brought about by

A) elastic recoil
B) diffusion
C) opsonization
D) segmentation
E) peristalsis

Question 41

The bile is yellow-green in color primarily due to the pigment _____.

Question 42

One of the reactions involved in the carbohydrate metabolism in the liver is the

A) conversion of ammonia to urea
B) synthesis of plasma proteins
C) conversion of glycogen to glucose
D) breakdown of fatty acids
E) synthesis of bile salts from cholesterol

Question 43

Identify a function of the gallbladder.

A) detoxifying alcohol
B) excreting feces
C) activating vitamin D
D) storing bile
E) secreting insulin and glucagon

Question 44

Which is the only protein-digesting enzyme present in the stomach?

A) trypsin
B) chymotrypsin
C) elastase
D) pepsin
E) carboxypeptidase

Question 45

An individual suffering from peptic ulcer disease is treated with histamine blockers when the peptic ulcer disease is caused due to

A) hyperactivity of the enzyme gastric lipase
B) incomplete conversion of pepsinogen
C) hyposecretion of NaCl
D) hypersecretion of HCl
E) the bacterium Helicobacter pylori

Question 46

How do the acinar cells of the pancreas assist in the digestion process?

A) They secrete the enzymatic component of the pancreatic juice.
B) They secrete a fluid rich in bicarbonate ions.
C) They secrete the inactive form of pepsin.
D) They synthesize the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.
E) They synthesize a substance that causes the breakdown of fatty acids.

Question 47

How does the product of parietal cells help in the digestion process in the stomach?

A) It prevents the splitting of short-chain triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides.
B) It stimulates the secretion of hormones that promote the flow of bile and pancreatic juice.
C) It inhibits the breakdown of protein chains into smaller peptide fragments.
D) It facilitates the deactivation of the enzyme pepsin.
E) It provides a suitable environment for the production of pepsinogen from the G cells.

Question 48

Mastication involves forcibly expelling the contents of the gastrointestinal tract through the mouth.

Question 49

The longest portion of the small intestine is separated from the large intestine by the

A) pyloric sphincter
B) sphincter of Oddi
C) ileocecal sphincter
D) lower esophageal sphincter
E) upper esophageal sphincter

Question 50

Identify the cells that secrete the hormones insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.

A) acini
B) islets of Langerhans
C) parietal cells
D) mucous neck cells
E) interstitial cells of Cajal

Question 51

In the process of _____, bile salts facilitate the breakdown of large lipid globules into a suspension of small lipid globules.

Question 52

Which of the following enzymes split short-chain triglycerides?

A) gastric lipase
B) salivary amylase
C) pepsin
D) enterokinase

Question 53

Parietal cells generate a product that aids in digestion. Identify the name of the product that should replace the area with the question mark on the figure below.

A) carbonic acid
B) hypochlorous acid
C) hydrochloric acid
D) lactic acid
E) ribonucleic acid

Question 54

Identify the fluid that flows through structure A.

A) pancreatic juice
B) bile
C) chyme
D) intestinal juicev
E) bolus

Question 55

The image details the parts of a liver lobule. Identify one of the functions of the cell indicated by the arrow.

A) destroying foreign particles in the venous blood from the gastrointestinal tract
B) providing surface area for exchange of gases and substances between blood and liver cells
C) collecting bile produced by the specialized epithelial cells of the liver lobule
D) producing enzymes that activate other inactive precursors
E) regulating the bile content in the small intestine

Question 56

The brush-border enzyme plays a key role in activating precursors such as chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase to produce their active enzymes.

Question 57

Why is an individual who regularly consumes alcohol more likely to suffer from hepatic jaundice?

A) In such individuals, passage of blood through the liver is limited, and this causes the liver to lose its functional abilities.
B) Such individuals have an excess of liver flukes in their livers that obstruct bile excretion and contribute to bilirubin build-up in the body.
C) In such individuals, the liver loses its ability to prevent bilirubin conjugation with glucuronic acid.
D) Necrosis of the liver cells in such individuals reduces the liver's ability to metabolize and excrete bilirubin.
E) In the livers of such individuals, conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde increases the production of high-density cholesterol that inhibits the synthesis of bile salts.

Question 58

The duct that helps to transport the pancreatic juice from the pancreatic duct to the lumen of the duodenum is

A) acinus
B) ampulla of Vater
C) cystic duct
D) gallbladder
E) common hepatic duct

Question 59

Each liver lobule consists of specialized epithelial cells called _____.

Question 60

Identify the structures labeled as A in the image.

A) Kupffer cells
B) bile salts
C) beta globulins
D) parietal cells
E) glycogen

Question 61

The migrating motility complex that occurs in the small intestine is a type of

A) segmentation
B) peristalsis
C) emulsification
D) autoregulation
E) mastication

Question 62

The digestion of which of the following gives nitrogenous bases, pentose sugars, and phosphates as products?

A) triglycerides
B) carbohydrates
C) nucleic acids
D) proteins
E) starch

Question 63

Identify the enzyme that yields maltose as its end product.

A) lingual lipase
B) α-dextrinase
C) pancreatic amylase
D) lipoprotein lipase

Question 64

Explain the role of bacteria during chemical digestion in the large intestine.

A) They ferment a small amount of carbohydrates and release flatus.
B) They facilitate the dissolution of vitamins and release flatus.
C) They cause the breakdown of stercobilin to release bilirubin in the feces.
D) They initiate the lysis of fatty acids into simpler molecules.
E) They cause inflammation of the appendix in response to foreign pathogens.

Question 65

A person experiences bloating, gas, abdominal cramps, and episodes of diarrhea after consuming dairy products. How can these symptoms be prevented in this individual?

A) by stimulating bile salt production by the hepatocytes for rapid emulsification of dairy products
B) by triggering the liver to synthesize the active form of vitamin D
C) by inhibiting synthesis of excess lactase by the goblet cells of the small intestine
D) by inhibiting lactase production by the acinar cells of the pancreas
E) by stimulating adequate secretion of lactase by the absorptive cells of the small intestine

Question 66

Which of the following mechanisms describes the way in which the structure labeled C leaves the absorptive cell?

A) simple diffusion
B) exocytosis
C) secondary active transport
D) exosmosis
E) facilitated diffusion v

Question 67

What are the two ways by which monosaccharides are absorbed by the absorptive cells?

A) bulk flow and facilitated diffusion
B) simple diffusion and osmosis
C) facilitated diffusion and active transport
D) osmosis and migrating motility complex
E) active transport and osmosis

Question 68

Identify the cell that is correctly paired with its associated function.

A) absorptive cells: secrete intestinal juice
B) goblet cells: secrete lysozyme
C) paneth cells: secrete mucus
D) K cells: secrete glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide

Question 69

Identify the brush-border enzymes involved in the process of carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine.

A) aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase
B) salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase
C) sucrase and lactase
D) lingual lipase and gastric lipase
E) trypsin and elastase

Question 70

The hormone _____ causes contraction of the wall of the gallbladder to release the stored bile out of the gallbladder into the cystic duct.

Question 71

What is a function that a micelle shares with a symporter?

A) They both attach to unstable molecules in the blood capillaries and cleave them to stabilize them.
B) They both attach to substances in the stomach for the purpose of digestion.
C) They both help to transport substances from the absorptive cells to the blood capillaries in the small intestine.
D) They both help to transport substances from the lumen to the absorptive cells in the small intestine.
E) They both cleave inactive precursors to form active enzymes in the small intestine.

Question 72

Identify a movement that is unique to the large intestine.

A) active transport
B) enterohepatic circulation
C) peristalsis
D) segmentation
E) haustral churning

Question 73

The enzyme primarily responsible for lipid digestion in the small intestine is

A) pancreatic lipase
B) carboxypeptidase
C) lingual lipase
D) α-dextrin
E) ribonuclease

Question 74

Brush-border enzymes are synthesized by the paneth cells.

Question 75

Imagine you suffer from a mild case of delayed gastric emptying. If you consume alcohol in this scenario, which of these will be observed after a short duration?

A) negligible alcohol absorption in the stomach
B) low blood alcohol level
C) low Na⁺ concentration in the blood
D) high water content in the urine
E) presence of alcohol in the stomach for a short time period

Question 76

Which of the following helps to transport long-chain fatty acids from the interior of the small intestinal lumen to the absorptive cells?

A) chylomicrons
B) micelles
C) villi
D) bile salts
E) symporters

Question 77

Identify a factor that contributes to low absorption rates in the large intestine when compared with the small intestine.

A) absence of the lymphoid nodule
B) presence of the tenia coli
C) absence of paneth cells in the crypts of Lieberkühn
D) absence of circular folds
E) presence of microvilli

Question 78

_____ _____ is a clear yellow and slightly alkaline fluid secreted by the crypts of Lieberkühn.

Question 79

The cycle of bile salt secretion by hepatocytes into bile, absorption by the ileum, and resecretion into bile is called the _____ _____.

Question 80

Aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase are known as exopeptidases because they

A) remove amino acids from the ends of a peptide
B) remove nucleic acids from the ends of a nucleotide
C) remove fatty acids from the ends of a peptide
D) cause the breakdown of proteins into dipeptides and tripeptides
E) cleave peptide bonds within the interior of a protein