Deck 1: The Functioning of the Juvenile Justice System

Question 1

The presence of a parent during questioning by law enforcement can be detrimental to a juvenile because parents will often ______.

A) pressure the youth to confess
B) get mad at the police
C) get upset at the youth
D) interfere with the process

Answer 1

A

Question 2

When the temporary detention of a juvenile is required while contacting parents or a guardian or arranging transportation to a juvenile detention facility, police are limited by Federal regulations to detaining the youth in a secure environment for no more than ______ hr.

A) 3
B) 6
C) 12
D) 24

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Instead of a sentence, juveniles receive a(n) ______.

A) outcome
B) decision
C) remediation
D) disposition

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The Miranda warning requires a ______ grade level of comprehension.

A) 5th
B) 7th
C) 10th
D) 12th

Question 5

______ occurs when a case is handled informally, outside of juvenile courts.

A) Diversion
B) Waiver
C) Transfer
D) Separation

Question 6

Before questioning an individual in a criminal case, law enforcement officers are required to give a ______ warning to inform the individual in custody of his/her rights.

A) Miller
B) Miranda
C) Maynard
D) Madison

Question 7

For youthful offenders, the first contact with the juvenile justice system most likely occurs when they are confronted by a ______.

A) probation officer
B) case worker
C) law enforcement officer
D) juvenile court judge

Question 8

Enacted in 1974, the ______ was the first comprehensive federal law for the prevention of delinquency.

A) Juvenile Prevention Act
B) Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act
C) Federal Juvenile Prevention Act
D) Federal Children's Act

Question 9

Which of the following is the doctrine of "parent of the nation?"

A) in absentia
B) parens patrie
C) ad coelum
D) in loco parentis

Question 10

An individual is considered "in custody" if he or she ______.

A) does not feel free to leave
B) has been told so by a law enforcement officer
C) has been given a Miranda warning
D) has been arrested

Question 11

A leading cause of wrongful convictions among youthful offenders is ______.

A) false confessions by youth
B) aggressive prosecution
C) waiver to adult court
D) misclassification of youth

Question 12

Approximately ______ of all cases referred to juvenile court result in a formal intervention by the court.

A) 25%
B) 33%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 13

Which of the following is a "fail-safe" mechanism against statutory waivers?

A) appellate courts
B) judicial waivers
C) consent decrees
D) reverse waivers

Question 14

In most states, a juvenile is defined as a person who is younger than age ______.

A) 16
B) 17
C) 18
D) 21

Question 15

The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention is part of the ______.

A) U.S. Supreme Court
B) U.S. Department of Health and Welfare
C) U.S. Department of Justice
D) U.S. Department of Human Services

Question 16

Two U.S. Supreme Court cases in the 1970s--Oklahoma Publishing Company v. District Court in and for Oklahoma City and Smith v. Daily Mail--resulted in ______.

A) limitations on the age that youthful offenders can be fingerprinted
B) laws that prohibited the press from attending juvenile family court proceedings
C) the widespread modification of state confidentiality provisions, making juvenile justice proceedings more open
D) laws that required the press to omit the names of juvenile offenders from news reports

Question 17

Possession of alcohol is legal for adults, but for juveniles it is a ______.

A) crime
B) delinquency
C) status offense
D) collateral offense

Question 18

A(n) ______ is a petition filed by the prosecutor requesting an adjudicatory hearing.

A) consent petition
B) diversion petition
C) delinquency petition
D) intervention petition

Question 19

A ______ is defined as an act committed by a juvenile that would be considered a crime if committed by an adult.

A) crime
B) delinquency
C) status offense
D) collateral offense

Question 20

Which of the following refers to the juvenile court acting "in the place of a parent?"

A) in absentia
B) parens patrie
C) ad coelum
D) in loco parentis

Question 21

There are juvenile justice courts in every state in the United States.

Question 22

Either the prosecutor's office and/or the ______ usually handles an intake screening of a youth following referral to juvenile court.

A) probation department
B) police department
C) public defender's office
D) juvenile court clerk's department

Question 23

Which of the following is a status offense?

A) assault
B) running away from home
C) possession of a firearm
D) drug sales

Question 24

Most states ______ for juvenile court jurisdiction for delinquency cases.

A) set the minimum age at 7
B) set the minimum age at 10
C) set the minimum age at 12
D) do not specify a minimum age

Question 25

Legal ______ requires that a defendant understand the charges brought against him or her, the seriousness of the charges, and the possible penalties.

A) adjudication
B) competency
C) sanity
D) court standing

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT an example of an extralegal factor that may be taken into account in the juvenile justice system?

A) the juvenile's history of drug and alcohol use
B) the seriousness of the alleged defense
C) information about the juvenile's family
D) the juvenile's school and work records

Question 27

Which of the following typically receives the initial reports of suspected abuse and neglect?

A) child protective services
B) Children's Bureau
C) juvenile courts
D) intake offices

Question 28

In federal court, to be waived to adult court the youth must be at least _______.

A) age 14
B) age 15
C) age 16
D) age 17

Question 29

In Smith v. Daily Mail, the U.S. Supreme Court said that the press is entitled to publish ______ as long as it is legally obtained?

A) age of a youthful offender
B) name of a youthful offender
C) address of the offender
D) crimes a youthful offender committed

Question 30

The ______ core requirement of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act requires that the liberty of youth offenders not be taken away through detention or placement in a secured facility if they did not commit a "crime," unless it is for a violation of a court order?

A) deinstitutionalization of status and nonoffenders
B) disproportionate minority confinement
C) jail and lockup removal
D) sight and sound separation

Question 31

Diversion may include all but which of the following conditions?

A) victim restitution
B) paying a fine
C) school attendance
D) referral to juvenile court

Question 32

The Children's Bureau is responsible for the publication of Child Welfare, an annual count of child and abuse reports.

Question 33

You are a police officer who apprehends a youthful offender. Which of the following is NOT an alternative to referring the youth to juvenile court?

A) questioning and warning the youth
B) issuing a citation
C) referring the youth to a diversion program
D) waiving the youth to adult court

Question 34

Once a juvenile is adjudicated delinquent, a ______ prepares a disposition plan.

A) judge
B) prosecutor
C) probation officer
D) social worker

Question 35

A ______ occurs when an offender admits to committing an offense in exchange for a lesser charge and a possibility of a lesser sentence/disposition.

A) consent decree
B) plea bargain
C) adjudication
D) judicial waiver

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT an available disposition option in a juvenile proceeding?

A) issuing a warning
B) waiver to adult court
C) community service
D) attending a counseling program

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT an extralegal factor that might be considered in the juvenile justice system?

A) history of alcohol use
B) work record
C) history of delinquency
D) school record

Question 38

Following the apprehension of a youthful offender, ______ decides whether to hold a juvenile in a secure juvenile detention facility following apprehension.

A) the apprehending police officer
B) the juvenile court judge
C) the intake officer
D) the youth's parents

Question 39

At which of the following stages may the court order an evaluation of a youthful offender's competency?

A) only during intake
B) at any point during the pretrial hearings
C) at any point prior to adjudication
D) at any point in the proceedings

Question 40

You are a police officer who is reading the Miranda warning to a youthful offender prior to questioning. The youth does not seem capable of understanding the traditional Miranda warning. Which of the following is an alternative procedure according to the International Association of Chiefs of Police and the OJJDP?

A) skipping the Miranda warning
B) calling a supervisor to translate for the youth
C) skipping the questioning of the youth
D) reading a simplified version of the Miranda warning

Question 41

Most states do not specify the lower age for juvenile justice jurisdiction for delinquency cases.

Question 42

Discuss the concept of confidentiality in the juvenile justice system. How has the concept of confidentiality changed over time? What has the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in reference to confidentiality in juvenile justice proceedings? How do states differ in regard to confidentiality in the juvenile justice system?

Question 43

Discuss the three ways in which waivers to adult court usually occurs.

Question 44

The most common type of waiver of a juvenile offender to adult court is the prosecutorial waiver.

Question 45

Explain the process by which a complaint concerning child maltreatment by a parent is handled by the child welfare system.

Question 46

Explain the four core requirements of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Question 47

In most cases, juveniles who are determined to have broken a federal criminal law are turned over to state or local agencies for prosecution.

Question 48

In most states, juvenile offenders do not have the right to bail while awaiting a hearing.

Question 49

Discuss the concept of diversion in terms of the juvenile justice system. What is diversion? What is required for a youthful offender to be eligible for diversion? What are the advantages of diversion from the juvenile justice system?

Question 50

In N.
C. v. Com (2013), the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled that a Miranda warning is required before students are questioned by school officials who are working in conjunction with law enforcement.

Question 51

The term used to classify a status offender varies by state.

Question 52

Diversion can occur at any stage of the juvenile justice system, from apprehension to postadjudication.

Question 53

Harm includes all types of abuse, such as physical, sexual, and emotional, as well as neglect.

Question 54

Juveniles, like adults, cannot waive their Miranda rights.

Question 55

Youthful offenders are much more likely than adults to falsely confess.

Question 56

Most states require the presence of a parent or a guardian during the questioning of a juvenile by law enforcement.

Question 57

More than 95% of all convictions in both adult and juvenile courts are the result of plea bargaining.

Question 58

Over 60 years ago, the U.S. Supreme Court first addressed the issue of interrogating youthful offenders, arguing the need for law enforcement to interrogate juveniles with special care due to their immature age.