Deck 6: Gender and Emotion

Question 1

Kring and Gordon (1998) found that androgynous people were more facially expressive than masculine people. From this finding, we can infer that ______.

A) sex plays a bigger role in emotion expression than previously thought
B) gender roles are important in determining which emotions we express or do not express
C) we get parallel data when we measure outside of the gender binary
D) gender plays a bigger role in emotion experience than emotion expression

Answer 1

gender roles are important in determining which emotions we express or do not express

Question 2

Activation of a certain brain region may create a particular psychological state, but the reverse process occurs as well: Behavior and experience can create changes in the brain. This highlights ______.

A) the difficulties in changing brain patterns
B) how easily we become reactive
C) automatic nervous system activation
D) the plasticity of the brain

Answer 2

the plasticity of the brain

Question 3

Chaplin and Aldao (2013) found that among the female-stereotyped emotions, gender differences were generally close to zero or very small, with the exception of _____.

A) happiness
B) shame
C) sadness
D) fear

Answer 3

shame

Question 4

The stereotype that women are the more emotional gender ______.

A) is found only in developed, Western cultures
B) is very accurate
C) differs across ethnic groups in the United States
D) is found in most cultures around the world

Question 5

Research on gender stereotypes of emotions shows that ______.

A) among African Americans, women are stereotyped as expressing about as much anger as men
B) Among Asian Americans, women are stereotyped as expressing more anger than men
C) Among Whites, women are stereotyped as expressing about as much anger as men
D) there are few variations between ethnic group stereotypes of women and anger

Question 6

With regards to emotional intelligence, ______.

A) gender differences are apparent at 3½ years
B) women and men are equally attentive to their own emotions
C) men display more complex emotion knowledge when describing others' emotions in hypothetical situations
D) women have more emotional intelligence, but men have more emotional competence

Question 7

When undergraduates viewed film clips designed to stimulate either happiness, sadness, fear, or disgust, ______.

A) men were more facially expressive than women
B) women showed more skin conductance reactivity than men
C) men showed more skin conductance reactivity to the fear films than women did
D) men and women were equal in their facial expressions

Question 8

In language, ______.

A) negative emotions are used to describe women and positive emotions are used to describe men
B) Asian Americans use more emotion words than White Americans
C) White men use more emotion words than African American women
D) girls and women use more emotion words than boys and men do

Question 9

The research on gender and emotional expression indicates that stereotypes of gender and emotional expression differ across ethnic groups. This is an example of ______.

A) the cultural stereotypes effect
B) subculture variations
C) ethnocentrism
D) cultural display rules

Question 10

Research on the emotional experiences of transpeople ______.

A) is nonexistent
B) show that transpeople have very similar emotional experiences as cis-women
C) is just beginning, so we do not have much information on transpeople's emotional experiences
D) show that transpeople have very different emotional experiences than cis-women or cis-men

Question 11

A feminist analysis of emotion stereotypes indicates that ______.

A) to gain power, women will have to learn to control their emotional expression
B) emotion stereotypes are one of the ways in which one group maintains power over another group
C) men need to express more emotions to even the power between the genders
D) emotion stereotypes about women are much less frequent now than they were in the past

Question 12

Davis (1995) found that when presented with a disappointing gift, first- and third-grade girls display less negative emotion and more positive emotion than their male peers are. This finding highlights that ______.

A) girls are less likely than boys to be disappointed with a gift
B) girls are better than boys at masking socially inappropriate emotions
C) girls are better than boys at masking socially inappropriate emotions but show similar abilities in emotion control
D) girls have more emotional competence than boys in elementary school, but this changes as they become teenagers and adults

Question 13

In a study by Barett and Bliss-Moreau (2009), participants viewed pictures of faces expressing sadness, fear, anger, and disgust. The researchers found that, for sadness, fear, and anger expressions, ______.

A) women's emotions were attributed to situational causes
B) men's emotions were attributed to dispositional causes
C) women's emotions were attributed to dispositional causes
D) there were no differences in the attributed causes of men's and women's emotions

Question 14

Facial electromyography, skin conductance, and electroencephalograms are all ______.

A) ways researchers measure emotion
B) ways that humans express anger
C) ways that psychiatrist diagnose mood disorders
D) expressions of emotion found in adults, but not children

Question 15

The expression "Boys don't cry" is an example of a(n) ______.

A) emotion experience
B) emotion rule
C) difference in emotion experience between genders
D) display rule

Question 16

Erandi, a woman, is able to accurately perceive and appraise others' emotions. She uses her knowledge and analysis of emotions to inform decisions and to help regulate the emotions of herself and others. Based on the research, Erandi likely ______.

A) has similar emotional competence to most men
B) has higher emotional competence than most men
C) has lower emotional competence than most men
D) has high emotional intelligence but lower levels of emotional competence

Question 17

In an experiment by Grossman and Wood (1993) that encouraged both men and women to express their emotions, ______.

A) men expressed as much emotion as women did
B) women showed more facial expression of emotion than men did
C) Black men expressed more emotion than White women did
D) Asian American women expressed as much emotion as White men did

Question 18

Emotions such as guilt, shame, pride, and embarrassment are examples of ______.

A) identity emotions
B) unconscious emotions
C) self-conscious emotions
D) submerged emotions

Question 19

When a really major stereotype violation that we cannot ignore occurs, we are likely to ______.

A) respond positively to the stereotype violator
B) respond negatively to the stereotype violator
C) violate our own stereotypes later on
D) put more effort into not violating that stereotype

Question 20

Fear, happiness, love, and sadness are ______.

A) the first emotions expressed by newborns
B) emotions experienced by women reading romance novels
C) female-stereotyped emotions
D) emotions experienced more by teenage girls than teenage boys, but the gender difference disappears in adulthood

Question 21

An 18-month-old, frustrated at not being allowed to play with a captivating toy, experiences frustration and rage and expresses these emotions facially and in other ways. The parent responds by saying, "Don't get mad." From this experience, the child learns ______.

A) to express more emotion
B) to label anger
C) to restrain their feelings
D) that the parent will validate their emotions

Question 22

As gender stereotypes change, we might expect gender socialization of emotions by parents to change, too.

Question 23

A fourth-grade boy is teased and harassed by other boys in his class when he cries in front of them. This is an example of ______.

A) the consequences of adhering to display rules
B) peer socialization of gendered emotion expression
C) peers' intolerance of adhering to stereotypes
D) boys punishing same-gender peers harsher than other-gender peers

Question 24

According to research, women are more emotional, less aggressive, and suffer more from fear of failure than men do.

Question 25

Most emotions are stereotyped as feminine, whereas only a few are stereotyped as masculine or gender neutral.

Question 26

The pattern of facial muscles that contract when a person expresses anger, or disgust, or happiness is present from infancy and is universal across cultures.

Question 27

______ involves taking on the work of regulating children's emotions and fostering children's emotional competence.

A) Self-regulation
B) Emotional gatekeeping
C) Socialization
D) Emotion instruction

Question 28

Stephanie Budge and colleagues (2015) studied emotion experiences among transgender men. The men described the experience of emotions such as pride, happiness, awe, and love as well as a lack of shame and fear. Based on this research, what can we infer about gender and emotion?

A) Transgender men's experiences of emotion are significantly different from transgender women's experiences of emotion.
B) Transgender men's experience of emotion reflects cis-gender women's experience of emotion.
C) Going through gender transition has no impact on experiences of emotion.
D) Gender roles may have more influence on emotion than the gender binary.

Question 29

Else-Quest (2012) found that boys were more prone than girls to express anger and girls were more emotional than boys.

Question 30

Condry and Condry (1976) conducted a study where adults were shown a videotape of an infant's emotional responses to a jack-in-the-box. Half the adults were told the baby was a girl and the other half were told the baby was a boy. The results indicated that ______.

A) adults read emotions fairly similarly no matter the baby's gender
B) adults read emotions correctly when the baby is a girl
C) adults read emotions correctly when the baby is a boy
D) adults read emotions differently depending on the baby's gender

Question 31

Within ______ peer groups, gendered patterns of social interaction and emotional expression are reinforced.

A) mixed-gendered
B) same-gendered
C) adolescent
D) same-aged

Question 32

Despite the stereotype that women are more emotionally intelligent than men are, research shows that men and women have similar levels of emotional competence.

Question 33

Children learn to label their emotions as a result of ______.

A) parental feedback and socialization
B) a desire for self-regulation
C) competency motivation
D) resolving their Oedipal or Electra complexes

Question 34

Parent's responses to their son's expressions of negative emotions do not tend to differ across cultures and ethnic groups.

Question 35

Children and adolescents are motivated to adhere to their gender role and follow the display rules. According to Brody, the result is ______ in the short term but decreased ______ in the long term.

A) worse well-being; social acceptance
B) social acceptance; mental and physical well-being
C) increased gendered skills; social isolation
D) higher gender differences; misunderstanding of the other gender

Question 36

According to Brody's model of the development of gender differences in emotional expression, ______.

A) the process begins with slight gender differences in temperament beginning in infancy, girls being more verbal and boys being more active
B) parents are the most significant influencer in socializing emotional expression of their children
C) the biggest gender difference in emotional expression is seen during adolescence, where girls express more sadness than boys
D) the biggest gender differences between girls and boys in emotional development and expression occur in toddlerhood

Question 37

Research on peers' socialization of gendered emotions indicates that ______.

A) peers are more tolerant of gender-role violations than parents are
B) girls punish gender-role violations more than boys do
C) children who express stereotype-violating emotions are less popular with their peers
D) boys are more vigilant than girls in socializing peers' emotions

Question 38

As children continue to develop, family plays a more important role than peers in gender role socialization.

Question 39

When fathers become more involved with their children, patterns of gendered emotions are different in that girls express less fear and sadness and boys express more fear and warmth.

Question 40

Research shows that when women control their emotion expression, they are perceived as being more emotionally competent and intelligent.

Question 41

Define "emotional competence." What does the research say about gender differences in emotional competence? How might this be connected to the research on gender differences in emotional expression?

Question 42

Give one example of how mothers and fathers respond to their children's expressions of negative emotions differently based on the child's gender.

Question 43

One emotionality gender stereotype is that men are believed to have better control over the expression of their emotions compared to women. What do people typically infer about men and masculinity based on this stereotype? What are the implications of this stereotype on women in leadership roles? Explain the double-bind women in leadership roles are in because of this.

Question 44

Leslie Brody's (1999) transactional model is a comprehensive model for the development of gender differences in emotional expression, building on the work of Chodorow (1978). Explain what is meant by "transactional" in this model.

Question 45

Explain why parents socialize children's emotions in stereotypical ways. Specifically, how does this shape our gender roles into adulthood?

Question 46

In a study done by Plant et al. (2000), participants were shown pictures of men and women with ambiguous emotional expressions (a blend between sadness and anger) and told to rate which emotion was being expressed. The participants rated men's blends as significantly angrier than women's and women's blends as significantly sadder than men's. What can you infer about gender stereotypes and emotional expression based on this finding? What is an implication of this finding?

Question 47

Compare and contrast observational, physiological, and self-report measures of emotion.

Question 48

Explain the research findings on gender and emotion experience and expression using an intersectional perspective. Specifically, do patterns change when we look at gender differences in emotion experience and expression across cultures and ethnicities?

Question 49

From a researcher's stance, explain why it is important that we do research on emotions beyond the gender binary and consider emotion experiences of transpeople and people who are gender nonconforming?

Question 50

Latoya, who is an African American woman, is employed at Ardent Technologies. Her supervisor, Brad, is a White man. Discuss the research on gender, ethnicity, and emotion stereotypes, and what implications this research might have for Latoya on the job in areas such as her interactions with Brad and Brad's evaluation of her performance.