Deck 9: Minerals

Question 1

When iron-deficiency anemia is present, aerobic capacity declines and subsequently increases with iron supplementation.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Bone primarily consists of calcium and phosphorus.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Trabecular bone has a higher rate of metabolic activity and turnover than cortical bone.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Adequate mineral intake for athletes is generally associated with adequate caloric intake.

Question 5

When the body is deficient in a mineral, it increases absorption of that mineral to 100 percent until the deficiency state is reversed.

Question 6

A sub-clinical deficiency progresses over a long period of time with no visible symptoms.

Question 7

When adequate calcium and iron are consumed from naturally occurring food sources, it is likely that the intake of other minerals is also adequate.

Question 8

Calcium metabolism is under substantial hormonal control.

Question 9

While loss of bone calcium is prevalent in older women, older men rarely lose bone calcium.

Question 10

Hematocrit is a direct measure of the amount of iron in hemoglobin.

Question 11

The Tolerable Upper Intake Level is listed on supplement labels and is a good guide for determining if the supplement contains a potentially toxic amount.

Question 12

Amenorrhea in female athletes is associated with low estrogen secretion that results in reduced bone mineral density.

Question 13

Minerals are usually absorbed better when food is present in the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 14

Many minerals have similar chemical properties and compete with each other for absorption.

Question 15

Supplemental zinc can interfere with the absorption of iron and copper.

Question 16

The best way for athletes to offset any small to moderate losses of mineral through sweat or urine is to take a multimineral supplement.

Question 17

Iron-deficiency anemia negatively affects performance.

Question 18

Many adults take in too little dietary calcium, but high-dose calcium supplements after the age of 50 can compensate for low peak bone mineral density.

Question 19

Calcium and iron compete with each other for absorption.

Question 20

Athletes should not use the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) because most athletes experience large losses of minerals in sweat, blood, or urine.

Question 21

The majority of women in the U.S. consume an insufficient amount of dietary calcium.

Question 22

Excretion of minerals is usually low.

Question 23

Multimineral supplements have been carefully formulated and tested to make sure that the amounts contained do not interfere with absorption.

Question 24

Synthesis of hemoglobin is dependent on which of the following microminerals?

A) iodine
B) zinc
C) selenium
D) copper

Question 25

A hip fracture in a 70-year-old woman most likely indicates ____.

A) clinical deficiency of iron
B) subclinical deficiency of iron
C) clinical deficiency of calcium
D) subclinical deficiency of calcium

Question 26

Adequate mineral status is typically a reflection of ____.

A) consumption of a variety of nutrient-dense foods, some of which are fortified
B) a diet consisting of mostly protein-rich foods containing high amounts of minerals
C) consumption of primarily non-meat foods
D) use of mineral and vitamin supplements

Question 27

Why is iron not well absorbed from the intestinal tract?

A) Most people consume too much iron on a daily basis.
B) The physiological roles involving iron are limited and are of minor importance.
C) Overabsorption of iron has potentially harmful physiological effects.
D) Most people don't have the enzymes needed to absorb iron, especially as they age.

Question 28

Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein.

Question 29

What is the role of myoglobin?

A) To store excess iron when iron storage in the liver reaches full capacity
B) To bind oxygen within skeletal muscle to facilitate rapid oxygen utilization
C) To bind excess iron in the GI tract to help prevent overconsumption
D) To facilitate the transfer of oxygen from the lungs into the blood

Question 30

Which of the following is classified as a trace mineral?

A) Phosphorus
B) Magnesium
C) Sulfur
D) Iron

Question 31

A symptom of toxicity of which mineral can result in impaired renal function?

A) iron
B) chloride
C) calcium
D) boron

Question 32

When the body wants to limit iron absorption it can leave iron in mucosal cells and wait for those cells to die and slough off.

Question 33

What two sports have the highest prevalence of athletes with low estrogen concentrations and/or amenorrhea?

A) Gymnasts and bodybuilders
B) Gymnasts and distance runners
C) Sprinters and distance runners
D) Figure skaters and speed skaters

Question 34

When blood calcium concentration decreases, calcium is immediately provided by the demineralization of bone.

Question 35

There is some evidence that mineral loss may be greater in athletes than in the sedentary population.

Question 36

Some young adult amenorrheic distance runners and ballerinas may have osteopenia and osteoporosis, conditions generally associated with older women.

Question 37

A mineral that is under substantial hormonal control is ____.

A) zinc
B) iron
C) calcium
D) selenium

Question 38

What is false anemia?

A) Iron-deficiency anemia in athletes
B) Anemia associated with training at high altitudes
C) Temporary decrease in hemoglobin due to endurance training
D) Change in hematocrit due to blood doping

Question 39

The nutrient that enhances iron absorption is ____.

A) copper
B) potassium
C) sodium
D) vitamin C

Question 40

In the U.S., clinical mineral deficiencies are typically limited to iron and calcium.

Question 41

The amount of any nutrient absorbed from food depends on whether the body is in a state of ____.

A) deficiency
B) homeostasis
C) toxicity
D) anemia

Question 42

For adults, the most common bone-related process is ____.

A) calcification
B) growth
C) remodeling
D) modeling

Question 43

How does the dietary intake of zinc by endurance athletes typically compare to the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)?

A) About 10 percent meet the DRI
B) About 40 percent meet the DRI
C) About 75 percent meet the DRI
D) About 90 percent meet the DRI

Question 44

Which athlete is likely to have above-normal bone mineral density?

A) Amenorrheic gymnast
B) Amenorrheic distance runner
C) Distance swimmer
D) Sprint swimmer

Question 45

The hormone that influences proper osteoclastic activity is ____.

A) insulin
B) epinephrine (adrenaline)
C) norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
D) vitamin D (calcitrol)

Question 46

A good source of zinc is ____.

A) table salt
B) mushrooms
C) meat
D) green leafy vegetables

Question 47

At what age does peak trabecular bone mineral density occur (assume adequate calcium intake)?

A) 10 to 20 years
B) 20 to 30 years
C) 30 to 40 years
D) After age 40

Question 48

What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for calcium for adults younger than 50?

A) 2,000 mg
B) 2,500 mg
C) 3,000 mg
D) Not yet established

Question 49

Excretion of minerals is generally ____.

A) zero
B) low
C) moderate
D) high

Question 50

The source of calcium during the process known as fast calcium exchange is ____.

A) dissolution of bone
B) blood plasma
C) bone fluid
D) liver calcium stores

Question 51

Insoluble fiber, such as wheat, decreases absorption of calcium, magnesium, manganese, and zinc because ____.

A) they bind with minerals blocking absorption
B) of a decreased transit time
C) of an increased transit time
D) of the increased permeability of the GI tract

Question 52

The micromineral that is necessary for the conversion of iron from its storage to its transport form is ____.

A) copper
B) magnesium
C) sodium
D) zinc

Question 53

The mineral predominantly found in hemoglobin is ____.

A) calcium
B) iron
C) zinc
D) selenium

Question 54

Hematocrit is defined as the ____.

A) percentage of total plasma volume composed of red blood cells
B) amount of red blood cells in total plasma volume
C) percentage of total plasma volume composed of hemoglobin
D) amount of hemoglobin and myoglobin in the blood plasma

Question 55

Which of the following is true regarding athletes and upper respiratory tract infections (URTI)?

A) Lack of exercise increases risk for URTI.
B) Moderate exercise decreases risk for URTI.
C) Prolonged exercise increases risk for URTI.
D) Any type of exercise decreases risks for URTI.

Question 56

If an adult consumes 1,000 mg of calcium daily, what is the estimated average amount absorbed from the intestinal tract?

A) 800 mg
B) 600 mg
C) 500 mg
D) 300 mg

Question 57

What is myoglobin?

A) Storage form of hemoglobin
B) Transport form of hemoglobin
C) Iron-containing protein found in the liver
D) Iron-containing protein found in muscle fibers

Question 58

What effect does adequate calcium intake have on loss of calcium from bone in the time period between attainment of peak bone mineral density and menopause?

A) Increases bone density
B) Stops the loss of bone calcium
C) Slows the loss of bone calcium
D) No effect on bone calcium

Question 59

Which period of time is associated with the most rapid loss of bone mass?

A) Age 20 to 35 years
B) Age 35 to 50 years
C) First ten years after menopause
D) After males are 65 years or older

Question 60

The mineral most closely associated with proper immune function is ____.

A) zinc
B) sodium
C) calcium
D) selenium

Question 61

The most prevalent clinical mineral deficiencies in industrialized countries are ____.

A) sodium and potassium
B) boron and selenium
C) iodine and zinc
D) iron and calcium

Question 62

The most common type of nutritional anemia is ____.

A) megaloblastic anemia due to folate deficiency
B) megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B₁₂ deficiency
C) pernicious anemia due to lack of vitamin B₁₂ absorption
D) iron-deficiency anemia

Question 63

Normal hematocrit is defined as ____.

A) 30% for women; 35% for men
B) 42% for women; 45% for men
C) 14 g/dl for women; 15 g/dl for men
D) 12-16 g/dl for both women and men

Question 64

The term bioavailability refers to ____.

A) absorption only
B) utilization only
C) retention only
D) absorption, utilization, and retention

Question 65

The male athlete most likely to manifest iron-deficiency anemia is a(n) ____.

A) strength athlete engaging in high volume resistance training
B) wrestler who "makes weight" by dehydrating
C) "stop and go" athlete
D) endurance runner

Question 66

A dietary source of chromium is ____.

A) leafy green vegetables
B) milk
C) meat
D) beer

Question 67

How much calcium should a 25-year-old male or non-pregnant female consume daily?

A) 800 mg
B) 1,000 mg
C) 1,200 mg
D) 1,500 mg

Question 68

Blood cells whose primary function is the transport of oxygen are called ____.

A) hemoglobin
B) leukocytes
C) platelets
D) erythrocytes

Question 69

Bone-forming cells are known as ____.

A) osteoblasts
B) osteoclasts
C) osteocytes
D) chondrocytes

Question 70

What is the recommended daily dose of supplemental zinc?

A) 10 mg
B) 15 mg
C) 30 mg
D) 40 mg

Question 71

Many distance runners have low bone density, which is most likely due to ____.

A) high caloric intake
B) low energy availability
C) weight-bearing activities always tend to decrease bone mineral density
D) a clinical mineral deficiency

Question 72

The potential problem with mineral supplements with high bioavailability is that ____.

A) the excess absorption
B) they bind a large percentage of the dietary fiber
C) they result in too great an increase in transit time
D) the potential for dehydration

Question 73

Which form of iron is best absorbed?

A) Heme
B) Non-heme
C) Iron found in milk
D) Iron found in vegetables

Question 74

The female athlete most likely to manifest iron-deficiency anemia is an athlete who ____.

A) chronically restricts energy intake
B) only eats three times per day
C) is chronically dehydrated
D) consumes a low-fiber diet

Question 75

An important physiological role for chromium is that it enhances ____.

A) oxygen uptake and transport
B) insulin sensitivity
C) calcium uptake and helps to stabilize blood calcium levels
D) the conversion of alcohol to stored body fat

Question 76

The two most likely sources of larger-than-normal mineral losses in athletes are ____.

A) urine and sweat
B) urine and feces
C) sweat and feces
D) sweat and gastrointestinal bleeding

Question 77

Prime examples of minerals that act as electrolytes and help to maintain body fluid balance are ____.

A) calcium, iron, and phosphorus
B) sodium, potassium, and chloride
C) iodine, manganese, and selenium
D) copper, zinc, and fluorine

Question 78

Absorption of minerals is generally ____.

A) low and well regulated
B) low and unpredictable
C) high and well regulated
D) high and unpredictable

Question 79

What is the average daily intake of dietary calcium for adult women?

A) 350 mg
B) 500 mg
C) 650 mg
D) 800 mg

Question 80

What is the potential problem with consuming excess supplemental zinc?

A) Anorexic (appetite suppressing) effect
B) Increase in urinary tract infections
C) Interference with iron absorption
D) Excessive bruising