Deck 5: Proteins

Question 1

The catabolism of protein can produce ammonia, a product that is toxic to the body.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

There are 20 different amino acids that can be used to make various body proteins.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

To denature is to change the structure of a protein.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The amino acids in casein are absorbed faster than the amino acids in whey.

Question 5

The carbohydrate and fat in the diet provide the energy that the body needs and the protein is often "spared" from this function.

Question 6

Consumption of both carbohydrates and proteins are recommended after exercise to provide the body the energy and nutrients needed for proper recovery.

Question 7

Transamination refers to the removal of the amino group from an amino acid.

Question 8

The primary structure of a polypeptide determines how a protein will function.

Question 9

Athletes with eating disorders are likely to have low protein intakes.

Question 10

When skeletal muscle is catabolized, the amino acids are returned to the amino acid pool.

Question 11

Plant proteins are termed complete proteins because they contain all the indispensable amino acids in the proper amounts and proportions to each other to prevent amino acid deficiencies and to support growth.

Question 12

Most foods contain a mixture of macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, and fats).

Question 13

Meat, fish, and poultry are examples of foods that contain protein.

Question 14

Protein digestion begins in the stomach and involves hydrochloric acid and pepsin.

Question 15

Polypeptides are synthesized on mitochondria.

Question 16

Concerns have been raised regarding the relationship between long-term high-protein diets and the risk for an accelerated progression of kidney disease.

Question 17

To achieve positive nitrogen balance and increase muscle mass, both protein and energy intakes must be sufficient.

Question 18

The majority of athletes consume a sufficient amount of protein.

Question 19

Individual amino acid supplements are more effective than food.

Question 20

The body is capable of manufacturing all of the amino acids it needs but it must have sufficient energy to be able to do so.

Question 21

Based on physiological function, the type of athlete who would likely benefit the most from supplemental branched chain amino acids is a(n) ____.

A) recreational athlete
B) body builder
C) ultraendurance athlete
D) "stop and go" athlete

Question 22

What is nitrogen balance?

A) The amount of muscle protein synthesized compared to the amount degraded.
B) The amount and rate of protein turnover.
C) The difference between nitrogen intake and loss.
D) The difference between the amount of protein absorbed and the amount incorporated into skeletal muscle.

Question 23

To achieve increased muscle size (hypertrophy), athletes must be in ____.

A) negative nitrogen balance
B) negative net protein balance
C) positive nitrogen balance
D) protein imbalance

Question 24

A food protein that contains all of the indispensable amino acids in the proper amounts and proportions to support growth is known as a(n) ____.

A) complete protein
B) complementary protein
C) incomplete protein
D) indispensable protein

Question 25

Which is a "slow-acting" protein?

A) Soy
B) Casein
C) Tofu
D) Whey

Question 26

What effect does insulin have on amino acids?

A) Inhibits protein synthesis
B) Blocks nitrogen excretion
C) Increases amino acid uptake
D) No effect on amino acids

Question 27

The quaternary (3rd level) structure of the protein determines its ____.

A) function
B) shape
C) rigidity or stability
D) ability to bind with other compounds

Question 28

The amount of protein recommended daily for strength athletes is ____ per kg of body weight.

A) 0.8 to 1.0 g
B) 1.2 to 1.4 g
C) 1.2 to 1.7 g
D) more than 2.0 g

Question 29

On a gram for gram basis, protein has approximately the same amount of energy as ____.

A) carbohydrate
B) fat
C) alcohol
D) minerals

Question 30

What effect does insufficient energy (kcal) intake have on protein need?

A) Increases protein need
B) Decreases protein need
C) No effect on protein need
D) Spares protein need

Question 31

Which of the following statements is true about ammonia?

A) Ammonia is not toxic to the body.
B) Ammonia is converted to urea in the kidneys.
C) Ammonia is produced by the catabolism of amino acids.
D) Ammonia is produced in the muscle as a result of the breakdown of ATP.

Question 32

Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a metabolite of ____.

A) alanine
B) phenylalanine
C) glutamine
D) leucine

Question 33

Protein quality is based on the amounts and types of amino acids and the extent to which the amino acids are absorbed.

Question 34

Is a 50 g/day branched chain amino acid (BCAA) supplement considered safe?

A) A 50 g/day dose is thought to be safe
B) A 50 g/day dose is not safe because such a dose can result in a reduction in fat oxidation
C) A safe dose is considered to be 5 to 20 g/day
D) Supplemental BCAA is not safe at any dose

Question 35

Dispensable amino acids are absorbed more rapidly than indispensable amino acids.

Question 36

The process that involves the transfer of an amino group to another carbon skeleton forming an amino acid is ____.

A) anabolic
B) catabolic
C) deamination
D) transamination

Question 37

Low-calorie diets produce a _____ percent weight loss from lean body mass.

A) 3-5
B) 10-15
C) 20-30
D) 40-50

Question 38

The amount of protein recommended daily for recreational athletes who do not train is ____.

A) 0.8 to 1.0 g per kg of body weight.
B) 1.2 to 1.4 g per kg of body weight.
C) 1.2 to 1.7 g per kg of body weight.
D) more than 2.0 g per kg of body weight.

Question 39

Indispensible refers to amino acids that the body cannot manufacture.

Question 40

The basic component of all proteins is ____.

A) creatine
B) amino acids
C) purines
D) glucose

Question 41

Gastric juices denature proteins and cause a change in the ____.

A) function
B) nitrogen content
C) structure
D) amino acid sequence

Question 42

The factors that determine protein quality include ____.

A) amount and rate of absorption
B) rate and degree of metabolism/oxidation
C) amount and type of amino acids
D) digestibility and rate of turnover

Question 43

Which of the following foods contains primarily proteins and little carbohydrates or fats?

A) Whole-wheat pasta
B) Plain baked potato
C) Egg whites
D) Beef

Question 44

On a protein supplement label, what does the term pre-digested mean?

A) A carrier is not needed for absorption
B) Absorption will be faster when compared to food proteins
C) Proteins have been exposed to enzymes during processing
D) Caloric content is lower than food proteins

Question 45

Which of the following foods contain(s) both proteins and carbohydrates but limited fat?

A) Whole eggs
B) Beef
C) Poultry
D) Nonfat dairy

Question 46

One gram of protein yields approximately how many kcal?

A) 1
B) 4
C) 7
D) 9

Question 47

Why do athletes who restrict their energy intakes need more protein?

A) More protein will burned for energy.
B) Protein is converted to muscle glycogen when carbohydrate intake is restricted.
C) Protein maintains fluid balance.
D) Protein spares muscle glycogen from being used during exercise.

Question 48

Is a 5 g/day glutamine supplement considered safe?

A) A 5 g/day dose is thought to be safe.
B) Glutamine is thought to be safe at doses less than 1 g/day.
C) Glutamine is not safe at any dose.
D) The evidence is inconclusive.

Question 49

The chemical composition of proteins differs from carbohydrate or fat because of the presence of ____.

A) sodium
B) carbon
C) nitrogen
D) hydrogen

Question 50

The _____ system is highly dependent on protein because of rapid cell turnover.

A) renal
B) immune
C) neurological
D) cardiovascular

Question 51

Why is it commonly recommended that vegetarian athletes consume approximately 10% more protein than non-vegetarian athletes?

A) More protein is burned for energy by vegetarian athletes.
B) Vegetarians have a more difficult time synthesizing skeletal muscle protein.
C) Protein maintains fluid balance.
D) Protein accounts for lower digestibility of plant proteins.

Question 52

Which amino acid is found in the greatest concentration in the amino acid pool?

A) Alanine
B) Glutamine
C) Leucine
D) No one amino acid predominates.

Question 53

According to the current body of scientific research, are glutamine supplements effective for reducing the number of infections in endurance athletes?

A) There is strong evidence of effectiveness.
B) There is some evidence of effectiveness.
C) There is not enough evidence to conclusively state that they are effective.
D) There is no evidence of effectiveness.

Question 54

Which of the following is an example of a complete protein?

A) Egg whites
B) Legumes
C) Whole grains
D) Vegetables

Question 55

According to the current body of scientific research, is a branched chain amino acid supplement effective for improving immune system response?

A) There is strong evidence of effectiveness.
B) There is some evidence of effectiveness but the number of studies is small.
C) There is no evidence of effectiveness in humans.
D) The evidence is inconclusive.

Question 56

How do whey and casein differ?

A) Whey is a milk protein; casein is a plant protein.
B) Each is comprised of different amino acids.
C) Whey has fewer kcal.
D) There is no difference.

Question 57

What is the purported mechanism for glucosamine supplementation?

A) Increased rate of skeletal muscle synthesis
B) Attenuation of the body's inflammatory response
C) Prevention of the breakdown of cartilage
D) Suppression of the immune system

Question 58

An enzyme is a protein that ____.

A) regulates metabolic processes
B) speeds up (catalyzes) chemical reactions
C) helps the body to achieve acid-base balance and optimal pH
D) helps maintain fluid balance

Question 59

Which of the following can be broken down into glucose?

A) Leucine
B) Glycine
C) Lysine
D) Alpha-keto acid

Question 60

On average, the amino acid pool contains about how many grams of amino acids?

A) 10
B) 150
C) 500
D) 1000

Question 61

The amount of protein recommended daily for endurance athletes is _____ per kg of body weight.

A) 0.8 to 1.0 g
B) 1.2 to 1.4 g
C) 1.2 to 1.7 g
D) more than 2.0 g

Question 62

Maximum protein synthesis takes place with an intake of _____ of high-quality protein post-exercise.

A) an unknown quantity
B) 15 grams
C) 25 grams
D) 30 grams

Question 63

What is the "anabolic window?"

A) Amount of time between the ingestion of protein and its absorption
B) Amount of time between the absorption of protein and its metabolism
C) A post-exercise state that favors muscle recovery and growth
D) Any time that plasma insulin levels are low

Question 64

Is a 1500 mg/day glucosamine supplement considered safe?

A) A 1500 mg/day dose is thought to be safe.
B) Glucosamine is thought to be safe at doses less than 500 mg/day.
C) Glucosamine is not safe at any dose.
D) The evidence is inconclusive.

Question 65

The amount of protein recommended daily for adults is ____.

A) 0.5 g/kg of body weight
B) 0.8 g/kg of body weight
C) 1.2 g/kg of body weight
D) 1.4 g/kg of body weight

Question 66

What is the amino acid pool?

A) Total amount of amino acids in the body
B) Total amount of amino acids in the skeletal muscles
C) Amino acids recently absorbed that are in need of transport
D) Amino acids circulating in the blood or fluid between cells

Question 67

The point of entry for an amino acid into the Krebs cycle is determined by its ____.

A) nitrogen content
B) caloric content
C) potential to produce ammonia
D) structure

Question 68

The secondary (2nd level) structure of the protein determines its ____.

A) function
B) shape
C) rigidity or stability
D) ability to bind with other compounds

Question 69

Absorption of food proteins takes place primarily in the ____.

A) stomach and jejunum
B) jejunum and ileum
C) ileum and colon
D) colon and rectum

Question 70

Which of the following correctly describes the glucose-alanine cycle?

A) Muscle converts alanine to glucose for use as immediate energy.
B) Muscle converts alanine to pyruvate or lactate and converts them to glucose when muscle glycogen stores are low.
C) Glucose is converted to alanine in the muscle in the post-exercise period.
D) Muscle converts pyruvate to alanine, which is transported to the liver for potential conversion to glucose.

Question 71

Which of the following statements is true regarding amino acid supplementation?

A) The supplements appear to be effective at recommended dose.
B) Amino acid supplementation is not safe.
C) Supplementation typically raises the concentration of amino acids above the normal level.
D) Possible contamination is not an issue.
Enter the appropriate word(s) to complete the statement.

Question 72

The process that builds complex molecules from simple molecules is ____.

A) anabolic
B) catabolic
C) deamination
D) transamination

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT an example of complementary proteins?

A) Red beans and rice
B) Pinto beans and corn tortillas
C) Tofu and rice
D) Scrambled eggs with non-fat milk

Question 74

The organ considered the clearinghouse for most amino acids is the ____.

A) liver
B) kidney
C) heart
D) brain

Question 75

Amino acids that can be manufactured by the body are best described as ____.

A) essential
B) dispensable
C) indispensable
D) complete

Question 76

_____ is the production of glucose from a non-carbohydrate source, such as amino acids.

A) Glycolysis
B) Gluconeogenesis
C) Lipolysis
D) Ketosis

Question 77

What is glucosamine?

A) An alternative name for chondroitin
B) Type of oil that can interact with water
C) Amino acid compound that can be stored in muscle glycogen
D) Compound made up of glucose and glutamine

Question 78

The primary (1st level) structure of the protein determines its ____.

A) function
B) shape
C) rigidity or stability
D) ability to bind with other compounds

Question 79

Which is a branched chain amino acid (BCAA)?

A) Glycine
B) Isoleucine
C) Phenylalanine
D) Proline

Question 80

Which athlete would likely use protein as an energy source during competition?

A) Marathon runner
B) 800 meter runner
C) Body builder
D) Rower