Deck 3: Energy Systems and Exercise

Question 1

As exercise intensity increases, the percentage of energy from fat metabolism decreases.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The branched chain amino acids can be relatively easily metabolized by skeletal muscle but they are considered the least preferred fuel source when compared to carbohydrates and fats.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The postabsorptive state refers to the 3- to 4-hour period after food is eaten.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

ATP and CrP are both high-energy phosphate compounds.

Question 5

Oxidative phosphorylation is a process that begins with glucose and ends with lactate.

Question 6

Creatine supplements are effective for both strength and endurance athletes.

Question 7

Fast-twitch muscle fibers are also called glycolytic because of their reliance on anaerobic energy systems.

Question 8

Oxygen deficit and oxygen debt are interchangeable terms that describe the "lag time" that exists between the onset of aerobic exercise and the ability of the aerobic energy system to achieve its full capacity.

Question 9

The relationship between oxygen consumption and exercise intensity is linear until maximum oxygen consumption is reached.

Question 10

Long distance running would depend primarily on the creatine phosphate system as a source of ATP.

Question 11

The energy system that has the slowest rate of ATP replenishment is oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 12

Beta-oxidation is a process associated with the breakdown of amino acids for energy.

Question 13

Oxidative phosphorylation is the predominant energy system used at rest.

Question 14

When alcohol (ethanol) is consumed at low to moderate levels, the primary pathway is the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) pathway.

Question 15

Exercising muscle prefers to use glycogen rather than glucose because the net yield of ATP is greater.

Question 16

Highly aerobic muscle fibers and other tissues can use lactate as an energy source.

Question 17

Once pyruvate is converted to lactate in the muscle it cannot be converted back.

Question 18

The purpose of the three energy systems is to use chemical energy to re-form ATP.

Question 19

The respiratory exchange ratio (RER) uses the amount of carbon dioxide produced and the amount of oxygen consumed to determine the percentage of energy derived from carbohydrate and fat.

Question 20

It is biochemically impossible to convert carbohydrate to fatty acids.

Question 21

If creatine phosphate is nearly depleted in skeletal muscle by high-intensity exercise, approximately how long does it take to restore creatine phosphate levels?

A) 1-2 seconds
B) 1-2 minutes
C) 1-2 hours
D) 1-2 days

Question 22

Which of the following respiratory exchange ratio (RER) values would indicate metabolism of pure fat?

A) 0.70
B) 0.85
C) 1.00
D) 1.15

Question 23

In the electron transport chain of oxidative phpsphorylation, the final electron acceptor is ____.

A) oxygen
B) nitrogen
C) carbon dioxide
D) hydrogen
Arrange the energy sources muscle glycogen, adipose tissue triglyceride, liver glycogen, and blood glucose in order from the least to the greatest based on the amount of energy stored in the body:
…).A…..B…..C…..D…..
Least greatest

Question 24

Oxidative phosphprylation is the preferred energy system during ____.

A) sustained, repeated sprints
B) very heavy weight lifting
C) short, fast sprints
D) dance aerobics

Question 25

Blood glucose

A) A - least
B) B - low
C) C - great
D) D - greatest

Question 26

Which of the following statements regarding ATP is true?

A) ATP is only found in certain cells of the body.
B) Rephosphorylation resynthesizes ADP from ATP.
C) Exercise intensity has no influence on ATP energy release.
D) ATP stores potential energy in its phosphate bonds.

Question 27

Metabolism of one molecule of which of the following produces the highest number of ATPs?

A) Glucose via anaerobic glycolysis
B) Glucose via oxidative phosphorylation
C) Amino acid metabolism (e.g., alanine)
D) Fat metabolism (e.g., palmitate)

Question 28

An RER of 1.0 means that 100% of the fuel used is derived from fat and 0% is derived from carbohydrate.

Question 29

The respiratory exchange ratio (RER) is a way of determining the body's metabolism of ____.

A) creatine phosphate and ATP
B) amino acids
C) carbohydrate and fat
D) lactate
Arrange the energy sources muscle glycogen, adipose tissue triglyceride, liver glycogen, and blood glucose in order from the least to the greatest based on the amount of energy stored in the body:
…).A…..B…..C…..D…..
Least greatest

Question 30

Anaerobic glycolysis is an energy system that uses ____.

A) carbohydrate only
B) carbohydrate preferentially, but fat or protein if necessary
C) carbohydrate, protein, or fat based on availability
D) carbohydrate, protein, fat, or alcohol

Question 31

When an individual is in a fed state (the time when nutrients are being absorbed), which hormone exerts the most influence?

A) Epinephrine (adrenaline)
B) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
C) Insulin
D) Glucagon

Question 32

The major function of the Krebs cycle portion of oxidative phosphorylation is to produce moderate to large amounts of ATP.

Question 33

Creatine phosphate is the preferred energy system during ____.

A) sustained, repeated sprints
B) long distance running
C) short, fast sprints
D) dance aerobics

Question 34

Anaerobic production of ATP can occur in the ____.

A) mitochondria via glycolysis
B) mitochondria via oxidative phosphorylation
C) cytoplasm/sarcoplasm via glycolysis
D) sarcoplasmic reticulum via resoporification

Question 35

Most research has shown that short-term creatine "loading" results in an immediate increase in absolute, maximal power.

Question 36

The rephosphorylation of ATP is an exergonic reaction.

Question 37

The rate of glycolysis in muscle is controlled primarily by ____.

A) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
B) myosin ATPase
C) creatine kinase (CK)
D) phosphofructokinase (PFK)

Question 38

The average O₂ max for young adults is approximately _____ ml/kg/min.

A) 25-30 for both females and males
B) 35-40 for females and 40-45 for males
C) 45-50 for females and 55-60 for males
D) > 50 but < 80 for both females and males

Question 39

The body restores its immediate source of energy by the rephosphorylation of ____.

A) ATP
B) ADP
C) GTP
D) GDP

Question 40

Adipose tissue triglyceride

A) A - least
B) B - low
C) C - great
D) D - greatest

Question 41

Oxidative phosphorylation (fat)

A) A - least
B) B - low
C) C - great
D) D - greatest

Question 42

Oxidative phosphorylation (carbohydrate)

A) A - slowest
B) B - slow
C) C - fast
D) D - fastest

Question 43

The greatest influence on maximal oxygen consumption is ____.

A) age
B) genetics
C) gender
D) aerobic exercise training

Question 44

Why does the amount of ATP produced in skeletal muscle differ from the amount produced in other tissues?

A) Skeletal muscle is more efficient than other tissues in the production of ATP.
B) Skeletal muscle transfers electrons via FAD while other tissues use NAD.
C) Skeletal muscle completely oxidizes carbohydrates while other tissues do not.
D) Skeletal muscle has fewer rate-limiting enzymes than do other tissues.
Arrange the energy systems anaerobic glycolysis, creatine phosphate, oxidative phosphorylation of carbohydrate, and oxidative phosphorylation of fat in order from the slowest to the fastest based on the rate of ATP production:
…).A…..B…..C…..D…..
Slowest fastest

Question 45

The process of giving up electrons is called ____.

A) oxidation
B) reduction
C) dehydrogenation
D) hydrogenation
Arrange the energy sources muscle glycogen, adipose tissue triglyceride, liver glycogen, and blood glucose in order from the least to the greatest based on the amount of energy stored in the body:
…).A…..B…..C…..D…..
Least greatest

Question 46

Transamination and deamination refer to the metabolism of ____.

A) proteins
B) fats
C) carbohydrates
D) carbohydrates and fats

Question 47

Which of the following statements regarding energy systems is false?

A) All systems are active at all times but one may be predominant depending on the activity.
B) The systems replenish ATP by rephosphorylation.
C) One system is switched on while the others are switched off.
D) The systems vary in terms of speed of action, amount of ATP replenished, and duration of action.

Question 48

Liver glycogen

A) A - least
B) B - low
C) C - great
D) D - greatest
Arrange the energy systems anaerobic glycolysis, creatine phosphate, oxidative phosphorylation of carbohydrate, and oxidative phosphorylation of fat in order from the least to the greatest based on total capacity for ATP production:
…).A…..B…..C…..D…..
Least greatest

Question 49

Anaerobic glycolysis is the preferred energy system during ____.

A) sustained, repeated sprints
B) long distance running
C) short, fast sprints
D) dance aerobics

Question 50

The term aerobic energy system refers to ____.

A) the creatine phosphate energy system
B) anaerobic glycolysis
C) oxidative phosphorylation
D) the ATP-PC energy system

Question 51

Muscle glycogen

A) A - least
B) B - low
C) C - great
D) D - greatest
Arrange the energy systems anaerobic glycolysis, creatine phosphate, oxidative phosphorylation of carbohydrate, and oxidative phosphorylation of fat in order from the slowest to the fastest based on the rate of ATP production:
…).A…..B…..C…..D…..
Slowest fastest

Question 52

Why is pyruvate considered a "key glycolytic compound"?

A) It can be metabolized either anaerobically or aerobically.
B) It has the simplest chemical structure of all the substrates used for energy.
C) It is the entry point for aerobic metabolism of all carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
D) It is more stable than acetyl CoA.
Arrange the energy sources muscle glycogen, adipose tissue triglyceride, liver glycogen, and blood glucose in order from the least to the greatest based on the amount of energy stored in the body:
…).A…..B…..C…..D…..
Least greatest

Question 53

How many chemical steps are required for the rephosphorylation of ATP by creatine phosphate?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 18
D) 124

Question 54

Why is there a difference between the amount of ATP produced by glucose and by glycogen?

A) The breakdown of glycogen requires many more steps thus more ATP is produced along the way.
B) The breakdown of glycogen requires less ATP in the energy investment phase.
C) Glucose and glycogen use very different metabolic pathways to yield pyruvate and that accounts for the difference in ATP production.
D) Less water is produced when glucose is the starting compound and that directly affects ATP production.

Question 55

Creatine phosphate

A) A - least
B) B - low
C) C - great
D) D - greatest

Question 56

Even under severe conditions during exercise, protein metabolism makes up at most approximately _____% of total energy expenditure.

A) 1
B) 10
C) 25
D) 30

Question 57

Based on dietary intake only, whom would you expect to have the lowest amount of muscle creatine?

A) Vegetarians
B) Red meat eaters
C) Fish eaters
D) No differences would be expected based on dietary intake

Question 58

Creatine phosphate

A) A - slowest
B) B - slow
C) C - fast
D) D - fastest

Question 59

An increased utilization of the aerobic energy system results in a(n) ____.

A) decrease in the amount of oxygen consumed and the amount of carbon dioxide produced.
B) increase in the amount of oxygen consumed and the amount of carbon dioxide produced.
C) decrease in the amount of oxygen consumed and an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide produced.
D) increase in the amount of oxygen consumed and a decrease in the amount of carbon dioxide produced.

Question 60

If creatine phosphate is nearly depleted in skeletal muscle by high-intensity exercise, how is it rephosphorylated?

A) By consuming creatine as a dietary supplement
B) By consuming ATP as a dietary supplement
C) From ATP generated anaerobically by glycolysis
D) From ATP generated aerobically by oxidative phosphorylation

Question 61

Which of the following is a true statement about nutrient metabolism in the fasting state?

A) Fatty acids are stored as triglycerides.
B) Storage of muscle glycogen is enhanced.
C) Liver glycogen is depleted.
D) Amino acids are unlikely used for energy.
Arrange the energy systems anaerobic glycolysis, creatine phosphate, oxidative phosphorylation of carbohydrate, and oxidative phosphorylation of fat in order from the least to the greatest based on total capacity for ATP production:
…).A…..B…..C…..D…..
Least greatest

Question 62

The purpose of beta-oxidation is to ____.

A) ensure that oxidation-reduction reactions remain coupled
B) stabilize unstable molecules in the mitochondria
C) add oxygen molecules to the oxidative phosphorylation process as needed
D) remove two-carbon segments from fatty acids and convert them to acetyl CoA
Arrange the energy systems anaerobic glycolysis, creatine phosphate, oxidative phosphorylation of carbohydrate, and oxidative phosphorylation of fat in order from the slowest to the fastest based on the rate of ATP production:
…).A…..B…..C…..D…..
Slowest fastest

Question 63

When alcohol consumption is high, the primary pathway for the metabolism of alcohol is the ____.

A) alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) pathway
B) microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)
C) acetyl CoA overflow pathway
D) aldosterone-retinol system

Question 64

The net (final) ATP production from anaerobic glycolysis is ____.

A) 2 ATPs if beginning with glycogen
B) 3 ATPs if beginning with glucose
C) 3 ATPs if beginning with glycogen
D) 38 ATPs if beginning with glucose

Question 65

What is creatine phosphate (CrP)?

A) An amino acid
B) A nitrogen-containing compound made from certain amino acids
C) A phosphate-containing protein
D) A byproduct of the breakdown of creatinine

Question 66

The duration of the anaerobic glycolysis energy system is approximately ____.

A) 30 seconds
B) 1-2 minutes
C) 1-2 hours
D) 1-2 days

Question 67

The primary function of the electron transport chain is to ____.

A) initiate the glycolysis reaction and produce ATP
B) oxidize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
C) produce ATP in the absence of oxygen
D) shuttle electrons from NADH and FADH to rephosphorylate ATP
Enter the appropriate word(s) to complete the statement.

Question 68

The most important carriers for electrons in oxidation-reduction reactions are ____.

A) ADP and ATP
B) CrP and ATP
C) NAD and FAD
D) GDP and GTP

Question 69

The primary function of the Krebs cycle is to ____.

A) degrade glucose or glycogen to lactate and produce ATP
B) oxidize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins and ready them for ATP production
C) generate large amounts of ATP and related compounds
D) produce carbon dioxide and water for use in other energy-yielding systems

Question 70

Free radicals (molecules with unpaired electrons) are most likely to occur during ____.

A) the creatine phosphate energy system
B) anaerobic glycolysis
C) oxidative phosphorylation
D) the ATP-PC energy system

Question 71

Anaerobic glycolysis

A) A - least
B) B - low
C) C - great
D) D - greatest

Question 72

Oxidative phosphorylation (fat)

A) A - slowest
B) B - slow
C) C - fast
D) D - fastest

Question 73

The body's "turnover"of creatine is approximately ____ per day.

A) 1 g
B) 2 g
C) 4 g
D) 5 g

Question 74

Anaerobic glycolysis

A) A - slowest
B) B - slow
C) C - fast
D) D - fastest

Question 75

The energy source preferred by exercising muscle for the process of anaerobic glycolysis is ____.

A) glucose
B) glycogen
C) glycerol
D) creatine

Question 76

Which of the following is a true statement regarding the function of creatine phosphate (CrP)?

A) It functions in exactly the same way as ATP.
B) CrP directly powers muscle contraction.
C) CrP rapidly replenishes ATP.
D) It is the most prevalent high-energy phosphate in the body.
Arrange the energy systems anaerobic glycolysis, creatine phosphate, oxidative phosphorylation of carbohydrate, and oxidative phosphorylation of fat in order from the least to the greatest based on total capacity for ATP production:
…).A…..B…..C…..D…..
Least greatest

Question 77

The elevated oxygen consumption during recovery from an exercise bout is called EPOC or ____.

A) oxygen debt
B) oxygen deficit
C) anaerobic threshold
D) fat burning zone

Question 78

The fastest and least complex energy system used to produce ATP is ____.

A) anaerobic glycolysis
B) creatine phosphate
C) oxidative phosphorylation
D) glycogenolysis

Question 79

Oxidative phosphorylation (carbohydrate)

A) A - least
B) B - low
C) C - great
D) D - greatest
Arrange the energy systems anaerobic glycolysis, creatine phosphate, oxidative phosphorylation of carbohydrate, and oxidative phosphorylation of fat in order from the slowest to the fastest based on the rate of ATP production:
…).A…..B…..C…..D…..
Slowest fastest

Question 80

Which of the following is a true statement about nutrient metabolism in the starvation state?

A) CNS depends primarily on ketones.
B) Storage of muscle glycogen continues.
C) Liver makes glucose from lactate.
D) Fatty acids are stored as triglycerides..