Deck 24: Exercise and the Environment

Question 1

Natives who have resided at altitude all their lives adapt to the altitude by

A) exercising regularly.
B) decreasing maximal ventilation.
C) increasing the environmental PO₂.
D) producing more red blood cells.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Maximal aerobic power decreases with altitude due to the

A) lower PO_2.
B) lower percent of oxygen in the air.
C) lower hemoglobin levels.
D) increase in hemoglobin levels.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Carbon monoxide can decrease VO₂ max by

A) binding to hemoglobin to displace oxygen.
B) irritating the bronchioles.
C) decreasing the number of red blood cells.
D) decreasing the arterial PO₂ to half its normal value.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Pulmonary ventilation is higher at altitude than at sea level for any work rate. This is necessary due to the

A) colder air.
B) lower air density.
C) lower O₂ percentage.
D) increased viscosity of the air.

Question 5

Distance-running performances are generally not as good when conducted at high altitude. This is due to the

A) lower PO_2.
B) greater reliance on creatine phosphate for energy.
C) greater reliance on anaerobic glycolysis for energy.
D) lower air density.

Question 6

Compared to the value measured at sea level, when a subject works at the same work rate at 3,000 meters altitude, the heart rate is

A) higher.
B) lower.
C) the same.
D) dependent on the conditioning state of the subject.

Question 7

Which of the following individuals would lose heat faster when floating in cold water?

A) a thin, athletic person
B) a fat, sedentary person

Question 8

Some athletes experience a larger-than-expected decrease in VO₂ max when tested at altitude. This may be due to

A) a larger desaturation of hemoglobin.
B) a greater decrease in maximal heart rate.
C) a greater decrease in maximal stroke volume.
D) poor mitochondrial function.

Question 9

Which of the following pollutants is generated by the reaction of UV light and emissions from internal combustion engines?

A) carbon monoxide
B) sulfur dioxide
C) particulate matter
D) ozone

Question 10

Research indicates that the best way for an endurance athlete to take advantage of altitude-induced physiological adjustments is to live at _______ altitude and train at ______ altitude.

A) high; low
B) high; high
C) low; low
D) low; high

Question 11

The major factor causing a decrease in VO₂ max at all altitudes is

A) lower cardiac output.
B) higher cardiac output.
C) lower oxygen extraction by muscle.
D) higher oxygen extraction by muscle.

Question 12

When Messner and Habeler climbed Mount Everest without supplemental oxygen, the scientists had to reevaluate their calculations that VO₂ max at the top of Everest was equal to resting metabolic rate (3.5 ml .kg^-1 . min^-1). They found that the

A) barometric pressure was higher than expected at the top of Everest.
B) oxygen percentage was higher than expected at the top of Everest.
C) air temperature was colder than expected.
D) hemoglobin levels increased suddenly at that altitude for those who didn't use supplemental oxygen.

Question 13

When environmental air temperature exceeds skin temperature,

A) heat is lost by the body through convection and/or radiation.
B) the sweat rate decreases.
C) the sweat rate increases.
D) heat is gained by the body through conduction.

Question 14

The term that describes the potential loss of heat due to cold air and air movement is

A) hypothermia.
B) frostbite.
C) wind chill.

Question 15

Which of the following range of values represents "good" air quality as indicated by the Air Quality Index (AQI)?

A) 0-50
B) 51-100
C) 101-150
D) 151-200

Question 16

In the heat stress equation, which of the following terms is given the most consideration in predicting the heat load?

A) dry bulb temperature
B) black globe temperature
C) wet bulb temperature

Question 17

The term that denotes an inspired PO₂ that is greater than that at sea level is

A) hypoxia.
B) hyperoxia.
C) normoxia.
D) superoxia.

Question 18

When track meets are held at altitude, the sprint performances are usually better than at sea level because of the

A) lower PO₂.
B) greater reliance on creatine phosphate for energy.
C) greater reliance on anaerobic glycolysis for energy.
D) lower air density.

Question 19

Which of the following is the most serious form of heat illnesses?

A) heat cramps
B) heat exhaustion
C) heat stroke
D) heat syncope

Question 20

The PO₂ decreases with increasing altitude because of the

A) lower percent of oxygen in the air.
B) lower barometric pressure.
C) higher percent of carbon dioxide in the air.
D) higher percent of nitrogen in the air.

Question 21

The most rapid and effective method of reducing body temperature in those with heat stroke is

A) cold water immersion.
B) rapid fluid replacement.
C) moving the athlete to the shade.
D) waiting; cooling is a slow process.

Question 22

If maximal exercise is conducted at 21,000 feet altitude, VO₂ max may be lower due to an actual reduction in maximal heart rate.

Question 23

The lactate paradox refers to the increase in production of lactate during hyperoxic conditions.

Question 24

Individuals who are successful climbing to high altitudes have a great capacity to hyperventilate. This is beneficial because it

A) drives down the PO₂ of the blood.
B) allows more hemoglobin to bind to oxygen at the same PO₂.
C) increases the PO₂ of the blood.
D) increases hemoglobin concentration in the blood.

Question 25

Clinically, hypothermia is described as a core temperature below

A) 37 $\degree$ C.
B) 35 $\degree$ C.
C) 30 $\degree$ C.
D) 29 $\degree$ C.

Question 26

Heat loss in cold water is __________ heat loss in cold air of the same temperature.

A) greater than
B) less than
C) the same as

Question 27

Particulate matter in the air can result in

A) decreased capacity of blood vessels to dilate.
B) reduction in fibrinolytic activity.
C) increased oxidative stress.
D) all of the above.

Question 28

Acclimatization to the heat results in an increased rate of sweating during exercise.

Question 29

The best protection against heat stroke and heat exhaustion is

A) taking salt tablets.
B) hydrating before exercise.
C) wearing light-colored clothing.
D) acclimatization.

Question 30

Chronic (e.g., two weeks) exposure to altitude will increase the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin.

Question 31

Wind speed affects environmental temperature.