Deck 13: Death and Afterlife Beliefs

Question 1

Until the past century, how did young men frequently die?

A) Motor vehicle accidents
B) Industrial accidents
C) Farm accidents
D) Wars

Answer 1

D

Question 2

In developed countries, what is/are the leading cause of death for children during middle childhood?

A) Abuse
B) Malnutrition
C) Infectious diseases
D) Accidents

Answer 2

D

Question 3

During the 20th century, which of the following stages of life had the highest mortality rate?

A) Prenatal period
B) Infancy
C) Toddlerhood
D) Early childhood

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Prior to the 20th century, death by heart disease or cancer was dramatically low. Which of the following was a major contributing cause?

A) Infectious diseases and a short life expectancy
B) Diets that were made up of natural and organic foods
C) Better access to health care facilities and trained physicians
D) An agrarian-based lifestyle that was far removed from carcinogens

Question 5

In developed countries, what is/are the leading cause of death for children under age 5?

A) Abuse
B) Malnutrition
C) Infectious diseases
D) Accidents

Question 6

If one wanted to combat the leading cause of death for children under the age of 5 in developing countries, he or she should develop a plan that addresses ____.

A) abuse and neglect
B) malnutrition and starvation
C) infectious diseases
D) death by accident

Question 7

Until the past century, which life stage had the highest mortality rates?

A) The prenatal period
B) Infancy
C) Toddlerhood
D) Early childhood

Question 8

Until the past century, young women frequently died as a result of _____.

A) Childbirth
B) Industrial accidents
C) Farm accidents
D) Motor vehicles accidents

Question 9

Infectious diseases remain the primary cause of death for children under age 5 for which of the following continents?

A) Australia
B) Antarctica
C) Africa
D) South America

Question 10

In the course of the 20th century, medical advances resulted in a dramatic decline in the rate of death from infectious diseases, from over 50% in the middle of the 19th century to what percentage today?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 20%

Question 11

What was the dominant cause of death until the 20th century?

A) Cardiovascular disease
B) Infectious diseases
C) Cancer
D) Accidents

Question 12

Which of the following dramatically reduced death rates due to infectious diseases during the 20th century?

A) Access to health care, health insurance and better trained physicians
B) Economic wealth, improvements in medicine and the automobile
C) Vaccinations, antibiotics and better sanitation
D) Better nutritional foods, vaccinations and antibiotics

Question 13

Until the past century, which of the following factors contributed greatly to the high mortality rate for young children?

A) Lack of micronutrients
B) Malnourishment
C) Infectious diseases
D) Accidents and injuries

Question 14

Where do infectious diseases remain the primary cause of death for children under age 5?

A) Developing countries
B) Developed countries
C) Collective cultures
D) Individualistic cultures

Question 15

Until the past century, people who survived into young adulthood and beyond were nevertheless susceptible to death from infection diseases such as ____.

A) diphtheria, tuberculosis and smallpox
B) smallpox, HIV and typhus
C) diphtheria, swine flu and smallpox
D) mad cow disease, tuberculosis and typhus

Question 16

During which time period are individuals most susceptible to heart disease and cancer?

A) Emerging and young adulthood
B) Young and early adulthood
C) Early and middle adulthood
D) Middle and late adulthood

Question 17

Until the past century, young women frequently died in ____, whereas young men frequently died in ____.

A) wars; car accidents
B) car accidents; industrial accidents
C) the workforce; farm accidents
D) childbirth; wars

Question 18

Up until the past century, why was mortality so high in infancy and toddlerhood?

A) Accidents
B) Physical abuse
C) Susceptibility to infectious diseases
D) Malnutrition

Question 19

Based upon historical records, what were the dominant causes of death until the early 20th century?

A) Industrial accidents
B) Infectious diseases
C) Starvation and malnutrition
D) Farming and residential accidents

Question 20

In developing countries, ____ is/are the leading cause of death for children under age 5.

A) Abuse
B) Malnutrition
C) Infectious diseases
D) Accidents

Question 21

What has symptoms that include acute pain, weakness, dizziness, confusion and shortness of breath?

A) Cardiovascular disease
B) A heart attack
C) Angina pectoris
D) Stress-induced fatigue

Question 22

The major sources of death in the later stages of the lifespan are ____.

A) homicide and suicide
B) cardiovascular disease and cancer
C) infectious and communicable diseases
D) automobile and home accidents

Question 23

What is one of the major cultural reasons that there are differences in rates of death from heart disease among ethnic groups in the United States?

A) Diet
B) Exercise
C) Sedentary employment
D) Lack of health insurance

Question 24

Which of the following is the leading cause of death among adults who live in developed countries?

A) Infectious diseases
B) Accidents
C) Heart disease
D) Cancer

Question 25

In developed countries, deaths under age 5 years are rare and occur most often due to ____.

A) SIDS
B) Infectious diseases
C) Accidents
D) Abuse

Question 26

In what condition do the arteries that supply the heart with blood become gradually narrower due to a build-up of plaque until it becomes severe enough to cut off the flow of blood, which would threaten health and life?

A) Gastrointestinal disease
B) Lung disease
C) Cancer
D) Heart disease

Question 27

The build-up of plaque on arterial walls is also known as ____.

A) arthritis
B) oncogenes
C) atherosclerosis
D) angina pectoris

Question 28

Within the United States, what group has the highest rates of death from heart disease?

A) Asian Americans
B) Whites
C) African Americans
D) Latinos

Question 29

Your grandfather has been an avid smoker for most of his adult life. You are visiting him and he suddenly becomes weak, dizzy and confused, has shortness of breath and is feeling acute chest pain. What is your grandfather experiencing?

A) Cardiovascular disease
B) A heart attack
C) Angina pectoris
D) Stress-induced fatigue

Question 30

As atherosclerosis becomes more severe, a person may experience symptoms involving severe pain in the chest, neck and left arm, which is known as ____.

A) cardiovascular disease
B) a heart attack
C) angina pectoris
D) stress-induced fatigue

Question 31

What is angina pectoris?

A) The degeneration of neural pathways within cerebral cortex
B) A blockage or rupture of an artery that supplies the brain
C) Severe pain in the chest, neck and left arm
D) The build-up of plaque on arterial walls

Question 32

Within the United States, what groups have the lowest rates of death from heart disease?

A) Native Americans and African Americans
B) Whites and Asian Americans
C) African Americans and Latinos
D) Latinos and Asian Americans

Question 33

Smoking is known to contribute to cancer. Which of the following developed countries have a higher rate of smoking in adulthood, which contributes to their relatively high rate of cancer?

A) Australians and Canadians
B) French and Germans
C) Peruvians and Argentinians
D) Japanese and Russians

Question 34

In developing countries, ____ is/are the leading cause of death for children under age 5, whereas in developed countries ____ is/are the leading cause of death.

A) abuse; malnutrition
B) malnutrition; abuse
C) infectious diseases; accidents
D) accidents; infectious diseases

Question 35

If one wanted to combat the leading cause of death for children under the age of 5 in developed countries, he or she should develop a plan that addresses ____.

A) abuse and neglect
B) malnutrition and starvation
C) infectious diseases
D) death by accident

Question 36

During adolescence, emerging adulthood, and young adulthood, the most common causes of death in developed countries are accidents, homicide and ____.

A) cancer
B) cardiovascular disease
C) suicide
D) infectious diseases

Question 37

Within the United States, rates of death from heart disease have _______________ over the years.

A) increased
B) decreased
C) plateaued
D) experienced a relative consistent pattern of increasing and decreasing

Question 38

At 4:30 a.m., Thomas awakens experiencing pain that is radiating from his chest towards his left arm. At first he thinks that it is just sore muscles; however, the pain progressively gets worse, to a point where it is unbearable. Getting concerned, he calls for an ambulance. Which of the following best describes Thomas's pain?

A) Arthritis
B) Oncogenes
C) Atherosclerosis
D) Angina pectoris

Question 39

In developed countries, what percentage of people who experience a heart attack dies before reaching the hospital?

A) 90%
B) 70%
C) 50%
D) 30%

Question 40

What percentage of individuals who survive a heart attack dies within a year of having the heart attack?

A) 90%
B) 70%
C) 50%
D) 30%

Question 41

What type of genes stop the activity of the genes that previously functioned normally but now produce abnormal cell duplication?

A) Stability genes
B) Oncogenes
C) Tumour suppressor genes
D) Cancer genes

Question 42

Cancer is more common in men because men are more likely to ____.

A) engage in high-risk behaviours
B) smoke
C) be alcoholics
D) be obese

Question 43

What percentage of cancer deaths occur in persons who are age 65 older?

A) 90%
B) 70%
C) 50%
D) 30%

Question 44

What is the percentage of change in rates of death from heart disease from 1950 to today?

A) 22% less
B) 33% less
C) 44% less
D) 55% less

Question 45

Your Uncle Bruce has a family history of heart disease. Which of the following recommendations can you make that will help him lower his risk?

A) Maintain a diet that is low in fats and sugars, and quit smoking
B) Maintain a diet that is high in vitamin C and folic acid, and exercise regularly
C) Maintain a diet that is low in calcium and vitamin B1, and quit smoking
D) Maintain a diet that is high in fluoride and iodine, and exercise regularly

Question 46

What type of genes repair mistakes in DNA replication during cell replacement?

A) Stability genes
B) Oncogenes
C) Tumour suppressor genes
D) Cancer genes

Question 47

You have a friend who always says, 'You cannot legislate healthy living.' You think that this is really not true, and point to the relationship between statewide smoking bans and rates of heart attacks as evidence. What happens when a state or country bans smoking in public places? Rates of heart attacks declined by what percentage during the first year after the ban?

A) 5%, so your friend is correct, legislation has little effect on health outcomes
B) 10%, so your friend is correct, legislation has little effect on health outcomes
C) 30%, so you are correct, legislation can lead to significant positive health outcomes
D) 50%, so you are correct, legislation can lead to significant positive health outcomes

Question 48

Biologist Leonard Hayflick first discovered that cells can replicate themselves about how many times before they lose their ability to replicate?

A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 100

Question 49

What is reason for the percentage of change in rates of death from heart disease from 1950 to today?

A) Reduction in obesity
B) Smoking cessation
C) Increased exercise
D) More individuals have health insurance

Question 50

With each cell replication, telomeres become slightly ____ and eventually replication cannot occur.

A) rounder
B) flatter
C) longer
D) shorter

Question 51

What is the most common period of life for cancer?

A) Emerging adulthood
B) Young adulthood
C) Middle adulthood
D) Late adulthood

Question 52

For what age group is cancer the most likely to occur?

A) Emerging adulthood
B) Young adulthood
C) Middle adulthood
D) Late adulthood

Question 53

What type of genes previously functioned normally but now produces abnormal cell duplication?

A) Stability genes
B) Oncogenes
C) Tumour suppressor genes
D) Cancer genes

Question 54

What is the principle that indicates that after about 50 doublings, cells lose their ability to replicate?

A) Hayflick limit
B) Cell limit
C) Replication limit
D) HELA limit

Question 55

Your older brother is 28 years old and smokes. He claims that a lot of people smoke today. Is he accurate?

A) No, only 14% of Australian adults smoke.
B) No, only 28% of Australian adults smoke.
C) Yes, 48% of Australian adults smoke.
D) Yes, 58% of Australian adults smoke.

Question 56

Shortened telomeres of cells have been found to be associated with a wide range of diseases, including ____.

A) hypertension
B) Alzheimer's disease
C) cancer
D) diabetes

Question 57

What part of the chromosome is thought to be the location where cells lose their ability to replicate?

A) Telomeres
B) Free radicals
C) Antioxidants
D) Atherosclerosis

Question 58

As compared to the 1950s, fewer Americans smoke cigarettes, and this has led to a dramatic decrease in heart disease. Since the 1950s, the rate of heart disease has decreased by ____.

A) One-eighth
B) One-fourth
C) One-third
D) One-half

Question 59

What is the end of the chromosome called?

A) Chromomere
B) Endomere
C) Telomere
D) Genomere

Question 60

Which of the following are three factors cited in the text that contribute to heart disease?

A) Diabetes, smoking and regular exercise
B) Obesity, cancer and working in environments that are high in carcinogens
C) Smoking, diabetes and industrial and environmental pollutants
D) Diets that are high in fats and sugars, smoking and obesity

Question 61

Your aunt has been using a substance that has yielded increased muscle mass and bone density, reduced fat and increased activity levels. What is this substance?

A) Oestrogen
B) Progesterone
C) Growth hormone
D) Testosterone

Question 62

What is a hormone that is involved in muscle growth, bone density and the functioning of the cardiovascular system?

A) TSAE
B) MMPI
C) CIAFBI
D) DHEA

Question 63

Philip was watching a television show in which a doctor promoted reducing caloric intake as a means to increase longevity. The physician stated that if individuals reduced caloric intake by 30% to 50%, it might increase one's lifespan by 50%. As discussed in the text, and related to this scenario, which of the following best describes the topic?

A) A calorie-limited consumption diet
B) A calorie-restricted diet
C) A calorie miser diet
D) A calorie Scrooge diet

Question 64

In developed countries, what percentage of people actually dies at home?

A) 85%
B) 62%
C) 43%
D) 14%

Question 65

What absorbs the extra electron in the free radicals and thereby prevents them from damaging cells?

A) Antioxidants
B) Anticellulars
C) Antisocials
D) Antiradicals

Question 66

Fruits and vegetables that contain beta carotene and vitamins E and C are recommended because they are high in what substances?

A) Antioxidants
B) Anticellulars
C) Antisocials
D) Antiradicals

Question 67

For most of human history, where has death most commonly occurred?

A) In a communal area at the outskirts of a residential area
B) At a hospital
C) At home
D) In a quarantined area

Question 68

Which of the following is the primary reason why in developing countries most individuals die at home?

A) Very few people have access to hospitals or clinics
B) For most, it is against their religious beliefs to die outside of their village
C) Very few people have the desire to be cared for by strangers
D) Most individuals cannot afford professional medical care

Question 69

As they drift about the cell in their unstable state, what molecules cause damage to the DNA and other structures the cell needs to function?

A) Liberated radicals
B) Gratis radicals
C) Rogue radicals
D) Free radicals

Question 70

What percentage of people who were surveyed in developed countries indicated that they would prefer to die at home versus a hospital or hospice care?

A) 20%-40%
B) 40%-60%
C) 60%-70%
D) 80%-90%

Question 71

Experimental studies in which animals and humans receive these supplements of _____ have been shown to increase muscle mass and bone density, reduce fat and increase activity levels.

A) antidepressants
B) vitamins C and B12
C) collagen injections
D) growth hormones

Question 72

In a wide variety of animal species, decreasing caloric intake by 30% to 50% results in an increase in the lifespan of approximately what percentage?

A) 30%
B) 50%
C) 70%
D) 90%

Question 73

In a wide variety of animal species, decreasing caloric intake by what percent results in an increase in lifespan of up to 50%?

A) 5 to 10
B) 10 to 30
C) 30 to 50
D) 50 to 70

Question 74

DHEA is a hormone involved in muscle growth, bone density and the functioning of the cardiovascular system. DHEA production increases until about age 30 years of age and then decreases. The level of DHEA at age 80 is about what percentage of what it was at age 30?

A) 5%
B) 15%
C) 25%
D) 35%

Question 75

Your roommate is an avid runner. She runs at least 3 miles every day and generally runs 6 to 8 miles on the weekends. Researchers have suggested that people who run are more likely to have free radicals, which can be damaging to cells. The presence of what substance might help to reduce the damaging effects of free radicals?

A) Antichromerase
B) Antitelomerase
C) Anticancerous
D) Antioxidants

Question 76

In the course of metabolising oxygen, our cells create unstable oxygen molecules that contain an unpaired electron. What are these unstable molecules known as?

A) Liberated radicals
B) Gratis radicals
C) Rogue radicals
D) Free radicals

Question 77

Which of the following are known side effects of the prolonged use of growth hormones?

A) Thinning of hair, hearing impairment and loss of visual acuity
B) Growth of excess hair, liver damage and abnormal growth of hands
C) Thinning of hair, scoliosis and jaundice
D) Growth of sores on the skin, near-sightedness and eczema

Question 78

Surveys in developed countries (National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization, 2008) have indicated that what percentage of people would prefer to die at home?

A) 80%-90%
B) 60%-70%
C) 40%-50%
D) 20%-30%

Question 79

Where do most people die in developing countries today?

A) In a communal area at the outskirts of the residential areas
B) At a hospital
C) At home
D) In a quarantined area

Question 80

Your 32-year-old brother has decided to reduce his caloric intake to improve his health. Research by Fontana et al. (2004) has determined that he is likely to benefit in what ways?

A) Better cardiovascular functioning and lower blood pressure
B) Low risks of cancer and infectious diseases
C) Lower probability of obesity and stroke
D) Longer lifespan and less risk of senile dementia