Deck 31: Body Fluids

Question 1

Which of the following is synthesized by white blood cells?

A) cholesterol
B) hemoglobin
C) immunoglobulins
D) insulin

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following diseases is associated with a high leukocyte count?

A) anemia
B) polycythemia
C) leukemia
D) typhoid fever

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following can readily cross the blood-brain barrier?

A) Cl⁻
B) most anesthetics
C) Na⁺
D) none of these

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is not true of red blood cells?

A) Old red blood cells are removed by the liver and spleen.
B) Red blood cells are formed in the bone marrow.
C) Red blood cells have nuclei and carry DNA.
D) None, all of these are true.

Question 5

Which of the following diseases is associated with a low leukocyte count?

A) anemia
B) polycythemia
C) leukemia
D) typhoid fever

Question 6

Which of the following diseases is associated with a high erythrocyte count?

A) anemia
B) polycythemia
C) leukemia
D) typhoid fever

Question 7

Which of the following ions help generate the high electrical potential needed for neurotransmission?

A) Cl⁻
B) K⁺
C) Na⁺
D) H⁺

Question 8

Which of the following represents lymphocytes?

A) erythrocytes
B) leukocytes
C) thrombocytes
D) none of these

Question 9

Which of the following fluids that are present in our bodies is a solvent?

A) lymph
B) blood plasma
C) urine
D) water

Question 10

Which type of blood cells are involved in the formation of a clot?

A) erythrocytes
B) leukocytes
C) thrombocytes
D) all of these

Question 11

What is the volume of whole blood in a person's body who weighs 150 lb?

A) 3 L
B) 6 L
C) 9 L
D) 12 L

Question 12

In addition to the lymph nodes, where are lymphocytes formed?

A) the bone marrow
B) the pancreas
C) the kidneys
D) the spleen

Question 13

Which of the following terms refers to red blood cells?

A) leukocytes
B) thrombocytes
C) lymphocytes
D) erythrocytes

Question 14

Which of the following diseases is associated with a low erythrocyte count?

A) anemia
B) polycythemia
C) leukemia
D) typhoid fever

Question 15

Which of the following cannot readily cross the blood-brain barrier?

A) carbon dioxide
B) potassium ions
C) oxygen
D) water

Question 16

Which of the following surrounds cells and fills the spaces between them?

A) synovial fluid
B) lymph
C) blood plasma
D) interstitial fluid

Question 17

Which of the following is true of body fluids?

A) All body fluids, including water, are aqueous solutions.
B) The chemical analysis of body fluids helps diagnose diseases in the body.
C) Blood plasma directly surrounds most cells and fills spaces between them.
D) Body fluids that are not inside the cells are collectively called interstitial fluid.

Question 18

Which of the following blood cells has the largest diameter?

A) erythrocytes
B) monocytes
C) neutrophils
D) thrombocytes

Question 19

Identify the process associated with the maintenance of body temperature and the appropriate levels of nutrients.

A) thrombosis
B) hemolysis
C) homeostasis
D) osmosis

Question 20

Identify the approximate percentage of plasma in whole blood.

A) 25-35%
B) 50-60%
C) 70-80%
D) 85-90%

Question 21

Which of the following is the approximate partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli?

A) 40 mm Hg
B) 100 mm Hg
C) 160 mm Hg
D) 760 mm Hg

Question 22

Which of the following ions is associated with the heme portion of hemoglobin?

A) Ca²⁺
B) Fe²⁺
C) Mg²⁺
D) Zn²⁺

Question 23

Which of the following is the approximate pressure of oxygen in the muscles?

A) 30 mm Hg
B) 40 mm Hg
C) 100 mm Hg
D) 160 mm Hg

Question 24

Carbonic anhydrase is associated with the establishment of which of the following equilibria?

A) H₂CO₃
H⁺ + HCO₃⁻
B) H₂CO₃
H₂O + CO₂
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 25

Which of the following is involved in the formation of the fibrin network?

A) aldosterone
B) carbonic anhydrase
C) renin
D) thrombin

Question 26

Carbonic anhydrase is involved in which of the following?

A) binding CO₂ to hemoglobin
B) converting CO₂ to carbonic acid
C) binding the CO₂ to hemoglobin and converting the CO₂ to carbonic acid
D) none of these

Question 27

How many heme units are present in a molecule of hemoglobin?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 28

Which of the following products is formed when carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin?

A) carbonic acid
B) carbaminohemoglobin
C) oxyhemoglobin
D) carbon monoxide

Question 29

Which of the following is the most abundant plasma protein?

A) albumin
B) fibrinogen
C) globulin
D) hemoglobin

Question 30

Approximately what volume of blood passes through a human kidney each day?

A) 1.5 L
B) 10 L
C) 15 L
D) 100 L

Question 31

Which of the following is true of the Bohr effect?

A) It refers to the process of maintaining the nutrient levels in the blood and also the body's temperature.
B) It refers to the effect caused by a change in the pH on the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin.
C) It refers to the mechanism used by the body to stem leaks in blood vessels to prevent the loss of blood.
D) It refers to the action of leukocytes in destroying bacteria or other foreign substances that invade the body.

Question 32

Which of the following is administered to patients to prevent blood clotting?

A) sodium acetate
B) sodium carbonate
C) sodium citrate
D) sodium phosphate

Question 33

Which of the following is the approximate partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood?

A) 40 mm Hg
B) 100 mm Hg
C) 160 mm Hg
D) 760 mm Hg

Question 34

Which of the following components is not present in the serum?

A) albumin
B) fibrinogen
C) globulin
D) hemoglobin

Question 35

Which of the following enzymes is involved in the transport of CO₂ by blood?

A) carbonic anhydrase
B) thrombin
C) carbonic anydrase and thrombin
D) none of these

Question 36

Which of the following is true of hemoglobin?

A) Hemoglobin transports O₂ to the alveoli from the tissues.
B) Each hemoglobin molecule can hold a total of two O₂ molecules.
C) Hemoglobin helps in the formation of a blood clot.
D) Hemoglobin is made up of two alpha and two beta protein chains.

Question 37

The concentration of which of the following is reduced to prevent clotting during a blood transfusion?

A) Ca²⁺
B) Fe²⁺
C) K⁺
D) Na⁺

Question 38

Approximately what percentage of blood plasma is water?

A) 15%
B) 35%
C) 60%
D) 92%

Question 39

How many molecules of CO₂ can bind to a molecule of hemoglobin?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 40

Which of the following accounts for most of the dissolved solids in the plasma?

A) carbohydrates
B) dissolved gases
C) proteins
D) waste products

Question 41

Where are baroreceptors located?

A) in the heart
B) in the heart
C) in the lungs
D) in the neck

Question 42

Which of the following drugs are the most common treatment for hypertension?

A) ACE inhibitors
B) diuretics
C) beta blockers
D) vasodilators

Question 43

Which of the following vitamins is required to produce prothrombin?

A) vitamin B
B) vitamin A
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin K

Question 44

Which of the following is caused by the secretion of renin?

A) It aids in the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin.
B) It aids in the conversion of carbaminohemoglobin into carbonic acid.
C) It aids in the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin and it aids in the conversion of carbaminohemoglobin into carbonic acid.
D) None of these

Question 45

Which of the following hormones is responsible for controlling the Na⁺ ion concentration in the blood?

A) insulin
B) oxytocin
C) vasopressin
D) aldosterone

Question 46

Which of the following enzymes is secreted by the kidneys?

A) carbonic anhydrase
B) thrombin
C) renin
D) none of these

Question 47

Which of the following diseases is caused by a low platelet count?

A) anemia
B) thrombocytopenia
C) polycythemia
D) leukemia

Question 48

Which of the following occurs because the osmotic pressure of blood is lower than the pressure at the arterial capillaries?

A) Nutrients from the capillaries flow into the interstitial fluid.
B) Wastes from the interstitial fluid flows into the capillaries.
C) Nutrients from the capillaries flow into the interstitial fluid and wastes from the interstitial fluid flows into the capillaries.
D) None of these.

Question 49

In which portion of a nephron is lost HCO₃⁻ replaced?

A) the distal tubule
B) Henle's loop
C) the glomerulus
D) the proximal tubule

Question 50

Which of the following gives the correct order of pressures?

A) blood pressure of arterial capillary > osmotic blood pressure > blood pressure of venous capillary
B) blood pressure of arterial capillary > blood pressure of venous capillary > osmotic blood pressure
C) osmotic blood pressure > blood pressure of arterial capillary > blood pressure of venous capillary
D) blood pressure of venous capillary > osmotic blood pressure > blood pressure of arterial capillary

Question 51

Identify a function of baroreceptors.

A) They send signals that control fluid pressure in the brain.
B) They detect a drop in pressure and send signals that control the heart rate.
C) They detect a decrease in oxygen levels and send signals that control the rate of breathing.
D) None of these are functions.

Question 52

Which of the following characterizes normal kidney function?

A) filtration in which small molecules are lost, but large molecules are retained
B) reabsorption of small molecules, which are not waste products, from the urine
C) filtration in which small molecules are lost, but large molecules are retained and reabsorption of small molecules, which are not waste products, from the urine
D) none of these

Question 53

Identify the pH range of normal urine.

A) 1.5 to 3.5
B) 3.7 to 4.5
C) 5.5 to 7.5
D) 8.5 to 10.5

Question 54

Which of the following occurs because the osmotic pressure of blood is higher than pressure at the venous capillaries?

A) Nutrients from the capillaries flow into the interstitial fluid.
B) Wastes from the interstitial fluid flows into the capillaries.
C) The nutrients from the capillaries flow into the interstitial fluid and wastes from the interstitial fluid flows into the capillaries.
D) None of these

Question 55

Which of the following contains the Bowman's capsule?

A) the nephron
B) the urethra
C) the ureter
D) the vena cava

Question 56

Identify the portion of a nephron where most of the glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed.

A) the distal tubule
B) Henle's loop
C) the glomerulus
D) the proximal tubule

Question 57

Identify the portion of a nephron where most of the water is reabsorbed.

A) the distal tubule
B) Henle's loop
C) the glomerulus
D) the proximal tubule

Question 58

How many different nervous control systems begin to function when a patient hemorrhages?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 59

Under normal conditions, which of the following hormones is involved in the reabsorption of water?

A) insulin
B) oxytocin
C) vasopressin
D) none of these

Question 60

Approximately what volume of urine does a normal person excrete each day?

A) 15 mL
B) 150 mL
C) 1,500 mL
D) 15,000 mL

Question 61

Which type of blood cell is involved in the clotting mechanism?

A) erythrocytes
B) thrombocytes
C) leukocytes
D) agranular leukocytes
E) All the different types of blood cells are involved in the process of a clot formation.

Question 62

Examine the following diagram of a kidney nephron and the surrounding circulatory system. Blood enters the capsule and glomerulus. Which of the following components of the blood when passed to the collecting tubules indicates a disease?

A) glucose
B) protein
C) ketone bodies
D) All these components in the collecting tubule indicate a disease.

Question 63

Which of the following is caused by a low concentration of clotting factors in blood?

A) hemophilia
B) leukemia
C) polycythemia
D) thrombocytopenia
E) anemia

Question 64

Which blood pressure category does a person fall under who has a systolic pressure of 188 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure of 110 mm Hg?

A) prehypertension
B) hypertensive crisis
C) normal

Question 65

Examine the following diagram of a kidney nephron and the surrounding circulatory system. Blood enters the capsule and glomerulus. Which of the following components of the blood will eventually pass to the proximal tubule?

A) red blood cells
B) protein molecules
C) leukocytes
D) sugars

Question 66

Which class of drugs that is used to treat hypertension does propranolol belong to?

A) ACE inhibitors
B) diuretics
C) beta blockers
D) vasodilators

Question 67

Consider the diagram below. Which of the following correctly represents the components transported by the lettered arrows?

A) A - waste
B) B - oxygen
C) C - food
D) D - carbon dioxide
E) Both b and d are correct representations.

Question 68

Which of the following is the most prevalent type of blood cells?

A) erythrocytes
B) thrombocytes
C) granulocytes
D) agranular leukocytes
E) The different types of blood cells are found in about equal amounts.

Question 69

Whole blood is centrifuged and then separated into a sediment and plasma. Which of the following would most likely be found in the plasma?

A) erythrocytes
B) thrombocytes
C) leukocytes
D) agranular leukocytes
E) none of these

Question 70

Which type of drug is occasionally administered to prevent clot formation?

A) beta blockers
B) ACE inhibitors
C) anticoagulant drugs
D) diuretics

Question 71

Which of the following diseases is indicated by the presence of ketone bodies and glucose in urine?

A) diabetes
B) nephritis
C) hypertension

Question 72

Examine the following diagram of a kidney nephron and the surrounding circulatory system. Blood enters the capsule and glomerulus. Which of the following components of the blood will eventually pass to the collecting tubule?

A) urea
B) creatine
C) hippuric acid
D) inorganic ions such as Na⁺ and SO₄^2-
E) All of these components pass to the collecting tubule.