Deck 13: Emotion

Question 1

The MMPI was originally developed to identify

A) a hierarchy of needs.
B) psychosexual stages.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) emotional disorders.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Children who have witnessed a parent's murder report memories that most clearly challenge Freud's concept of

A) erogenous zones.
B) reaction formation.
C) displacement.
D) repression.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

According to psychoanalytic theory, boys' fear of castration is most closely associated with

A) an oral fixation.
B) free association.
C) the spotlight effect.
D) the Oedipus complex.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Freud thought that the part of a dream that we remember is a censored version of

A) unconditional positive regard.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) unconscious wishes.
D) self-serving bias.

Question 5

Students perceive themselves as less likely than the average classmate to develop drinking problems or drop out of school. This best illustrates

A) the Barnum effect.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) the false consensus effect.
D) unrealistic optimism.

Question 6

After experiencing prolonged and seemingly inescapable physical abuse from her husband, Kayla became increasingly depressed and hopelessly resigned to her suffering. Her reaction best illustrates

A) the spotlight effect.
B) an Electra complex.
C) learned helplessness.
D) defensive self-esteem.

Question 7

Around the world, people describe others' personality traits in terms that are consistent with a set of factors called

A) defense mechanisms.
B) psychosexual stages.
C) the hierarchy of needs.
D) the Big Five.

Question 8

The stability of personality during adulthood best illustrates the value of

A) unconditional positive regard.
B) an internal locus of control.
C) factor analysis.
D) trait theories.

Question 9

We can better predict drivers' behavior at traffic lights from knowing the color of the lights than from knowing the drivers' personalities. This best illustrates the importance of

A) collectivism.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) self-transcendence.
D) situational influences.

Question 10

During a phone call to the Psychic Network, Mark was told that "you often worry about things much more than you admit, even to your best friends." Mark's amazement at the psychic's apparent understanding of his personality best illustrates

A) the spotlight effect.
B) an external locus of control.
C) the Barnum effect.
D) the self-reference phenomenon.

Question 11

Card players who attribute their wins to their own skill and their losses to bad luck best illustrate

A) unconditional positive regard.
B) reciprocal determinism.
C) the spotlight effect.
D) self-serving bias.

Question 12

Carl Jung emphasized the importance of ________ in personality functioning.

A) inferiority feelings
B) psychosexual stages
C) the collective unconscious
D) unconditional positive regard

Question 13

According to Maslow, the desire for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self refers to the motive for

A) reciprocal determinism.
B) the reality principle.
C) self-transcendence.
D) unconditional positive regard.

Question 14

The social-cognitive perspective highlights the interaction of personal traits with our environment, a process that Albert Bandura called

A) free association.
B) self-actualization.
C) reciprocal determinism.
D) reaction formation.

Question 15

Bonnie is afraid to express anger at her overbearing and irritating supervisor at work, so she is critical of her children instead. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Bonnie's reaction to her children illustrates

A) identification.
B) reaction formation.
C) displacement.
D) projection.

Question 16

Abraham Maslow suggested that individuals who are open, spontaneous, and not paralyzed by others' opinions illustrate

A) extraversion.
B) reaction formation.
C) self-actualization.
D) an external locus of control.

Question 17

Who emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in healthy personality development?

A) Gordon Allport
B) Albert Bandura
C) Carl Rogers
D) Alfred Adler

Question 18

Although Alex has frequently been caught stealing money and other valuables from friends as well as strangers, he does not feel guilty or remorseful about robbing these people. Alex most clearly demonstrates a(n)

A) inferiority complex.
B) external locus of control.
C) weak superego.
D) oral fixation.

Question 19

Bryce often acts so daring and overly confident that few people realize he is actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Bryce best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as

A) regression.
B) projection.
C) displacement.
D) reaction formation.

Question 20

Although she is intelligent and a good athlete, Abigail believes that her low grades in school and losing the quarter-mile race are reflections of her own intellectual and athletic incompetence. Her conclusion best illustrates

A) the false consensus effect.
B) reciprocal determinism.
C) the spotlight effect.
D) a pessimistic attributional style.

Question 21

In promoting personality growth, the person-centered perspective emphasizes all but

A) empathy.
B) acceptance.
C) genuineness.
D) altruism.

Question 22

According to Freud's theory, personality arises in response to conflicts between

A) our unacceptable urges and our tendency to become self-actualized.
B) the process of identification and the ego's defense mechanisms.
C) the collective unconscious and our individual desires.
D) our biological impulses and the social restraints against them.

Question 23

A major difference between the psychoanalytic and trait perspectives is that

A) trait theory defines personality in terms of behavior; psychoanalytic theory, in terms of its underlying dynamics.
B) trait theory describes behavior but does not attempt to explain it.
C) psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the origins of personality in childhood sexuality.
D) all of these are differences.

Question 24

Marcy believes that the outcome of athletic contests depends so much on luck that it hardly pays to put any effort into her own athletic training. Her belief most clearly illustrates

A) the spotlight effect.
B) the Barnum effect.
C) the false consensus effect.
D) an external locus of control.

Question 25

An example of self-serving bias described in the text is the tendency of people to

A) see themselves as average on nearly any desirable dimension.
B) accept more responsibility for successes than failures.
C) be overly critical of other people.
D) exhibit heightened racial prejudice.

Question 26

Research on the Big Five personality factors provides evidence that

A) some tendencies decrease during adulthood, while others increase.
B) these traits only describe personality in Western, individualist cultures.
C) the heritability of individual differences in these traits generally runs about 25 percent or less.
D) All of these statements are true.

Question 27

Which technique would psychologists use to assess whether a cluster of characteristics that includes ambition, determination, persistence, and self-reliance reflects a single personality trait?

A) projective testing
B) factor analysis
C) empirically derived testing
D) free association

Question 28

In studying personality, a social-cognitive theorist would most likely make use of

A) personality inventories.
B) projective tests.
C) observing behavior in different situations.
D) factor analyses.

Question 29

Freud suggested that adults with a passive personality marked by a childlike dependency demonstrate signs of

A) an oral fixation.
B) an inferiority complex.
C) reaction formation.
D) an Oedipus complex.

Question 30

Hermann Rorschach introduced what has become the most widely used ________ test.

A) empirically derived
B) self-esteem
C) factor analytic
D) projective

Question 31

When Vanessa noticed that she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction best illustrates

A) the spotlight effect.
B) defensive self-esteem.
C) reciprocal determinism.
D) the Barnum effect.

Question 32

Jaydon doesn't realize that his alcohol abuse and neglect of his family is leading to the destruction of both his family and career. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Jaydon shows signs of a

A) strong ego.
B) weak id.
C) strong superego.
D) weak ego.

Question 33

Seligman has found that humans and animals who are exposed to aversive events they cannot escape may develop

A) an internal locus of control.
B) a reaction formation.
C) learned helplessness.
D) neurotic anxiety.

Question 34

Humanistic psychology has been most closely associated with an emphasis on the importance of

A) empirically derived tests.
B) reciprocal determinism.
C) a positive self-concept.
D) an external locus of control.

Question 35

The Big Five personality factors are

A) emotional stability, openness, introversion, sociability, locus of control.
B) neuroticism, extraversion, openness, emotional stability, sensitivity.
C) neuroticism, gregariousness, extraversion, impulsiveness, conscientiousness.
D) emotional stability, extraversion, openness, agreeableness,

Question 36

Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This best illustrates

A) self-serving bias.
B) reciprocal determinism.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) the spotlight effect.

Question 37

The role of repressed childhood conflicts in personality disorders is most clearly emphasized by the ________ perspective.

A) trait
B) social-cognitive
C) psychoanalytic
D) humanistic

Question 38

Research has shown that individuals who are made to feel insecure are subsequently

A) more critical of others.
B) less critical of others.
C) more likely to display self-serving bias.
D) less likely to display self-serving bias.

Question 39

One of the Big Five personality factors is

A) reciprocal determinism.
B) self-actualization.
C) agreeableness.
D) free association.

Question 40

According to Freud, ________ is the process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their ________.

A) reaction formation; superegos
B) reaction formation; egos
C) identification; superegos
D) identification; egos

Question 41

Humanistic theories of personality

A) emphasize the driving force of unconscious motivations in personality.
B) emphasize the growth of potential of "healthy" individuals.
C) emphasize the importance of interaction with the environment in shaping personality.
D) describe personality in terms of scores on various personality scales.

Question 42

Id is to ego as ________ is to ________.

A) reality principle; pleasure principle
B) pleasure principle; reality principle
C) conscious forces; unconscious forces
D) conscience; "personality executive"

Question 43

According to Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote growth in personality. These are

A) honesty, sincerity, and empathy.
B) high self-esteem, honesty, and empathy.
C) high self-esteem, genuineness, and acceptance.
D) genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.

Question 44

With which of the following statements would a social-cognitive psychologist agree?

A) People with an internal locus of control achieve more in school.
B) "Externals" are better able to cope with stress than "internals."
C) "Internals" are less independent than "externals."
D) A social-cognitive psychologist would agree with all of these statements.

Question 45

Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the text as a criticism of Freud's theory?

A) The theory is sexist.
B) It offers few testable hypotheses.
C) There is no evidence of anything like an "unconscious."
D) The theory ignores the fact that human development is lifelong.

Question 46

Which of the following statements about self-esteem is NOT correct?

A) People with low self-esteem tend to be negative about others.
B) People with high self-esteem are less prone to drug addiction.
C) People with low self-esteem tend to be nonconformists.
D) People with high self-esteem suffer less from insomnia.

Question 47

Trait theory attempts to

A) show how development of personality is a lifelong process.
B) describe and classify people in terms of their predispositions to behave in
Certain ways.
C) determine which traits are most conducive to individual self-actualization.
D) explain how behavior is shaped by the interaction between traits, behavior, and

Question 48

In studying personality, a trait theorist would most likely

A) use a projective test.
B) observe a person in a variety of situations.
C) use a personality inventory.
D) use the method of free association.

Question 49

A major criticism of trait theory is that it

A) places too great an emphasis on early childhood experiences.
B) overestimates the consistency of behavior in different situations.
C) underestimates the importance of heredity in personality development.
D) places too great an emphasis on positive traits.

Question 50

Which personality theory emphasizes the interaction between the individual and the environment in shaping personality?

A) psychoanalytic
B) trait
C) humanistic
D) social cognitive

Question 51

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a(n)

A) projective personality test.
B) empirically derived and objective personality test.
C) personality test developed mainly to assess job applicants.
D) personality test used primarily to assess locus of control.

Question 52

The Oedipus and Electra complexes have their roots in the

A) anal stage.
B) oral stage.
C) latency stage.
D) phallic stage.

Question 53

For humanistic psychologists, many of our behaviors and perceptions are ultimately shaped by whether our ________ is ________ or ________.

A) ego; strong; weak
B) locus of control; internal; external
C) personality structure; introverted; extraverted
D) self-concept; positive; negative

Question 54

Recent research has provided more support for defense mechanisms such as ________ than for defense mechanisms such as ________.

A) displacement; reaction formation
B) reaction formation; displacement
C) displacement; regression
D) displacement; projection

Question 55

The ________ classifies people according to Carl Jung's personality types.

A) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
B) MMPI
C) Locus of Control Scale
D) Kagan Temperament Scale

Question 56

According to Freud, defense mechanisms are methods of reducing

A) anger.
B) fear.
C) anxiety.
D) lust.

Question 57

Which of the following is a common criticism of the humanistic perspective?

A) Its concepts are vague and subjective.
B) The emphasis on the self encourages selfishness in individuals.
C) Humanism fails to appreciate the reality of evil in human behavior.
D) All of these are common criticisms.

Question 58

Which of the following refers to the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs?

A) the spotlight effect
B) projection
C) rationalization
D) the false consensus effect

Question 59

Neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney believed that

A) Freud placed too great an emphasis on the conscious mind.
B) Freud placed too great an emphasis on sexual and aggressive instincts.
C) the years of childhood were more important in the formation of personality than Freud had indicated.
D) Freud's ideas about the id, ego, and superego as personality structures were

Question 60

Projective tests such as the Rorschach inkblot test have been criticized because

A) their scoring system is too rigid and leads to unfair labeling.
B) they were standardized with unrepresentative samples.
C) they have low reliability and low validity.
D) it is easy for people to fake answers in order to appear healthy.

Question 61

Some contemporary researchers are focusing their work on

A) basic dimensions of personality.
B) promoting positive aspects of life.
C) classic theories of behavior.
D) negative states.

Question 62

Which of the following places the greatest emphasis on the unconscious mind?

A) the humanistic perspective
B) the social-cognitive perspective
C) the trait perspective
D) the psychoanalytic perspective

Question 63

A highly anxious and insecure personality illustrates the Big Five trait dimension of

A) agreeableness.
B) openness.
C) extraversion.
D) neuroticism.

Question 64

A behavior trait refers to a pattern of behavior that is

A) unconsciously motivated.
B) difficult to observe.
C) stable over time.
D) unlearned.

Question 65

A person who is helpful and trusting most clearly ranks high on the Big Five trait dimension known as

A) extraversion.
B) openness.
C) agreeableness.
D) conscientiousness.

Question 66

A boy's sexual desires for his mother and feelings of hostility toward his father constitute what Freud called

A) reaction formation.
B) the Oedipus complex.
C) reciprocal determinism.
D) an oral fixation.

Question 67

Which of the following is the correct order of psychosexual stages proposed by Freud?

A) oral; anal; phallic; latency; genital
B) anal; oral; phallic; latency; genital
C) oral; anal; genital; latency; phallic
D) anal; oral; genital; latency; phallic

Question 68

A religious leader who attempts to overcome his hidden doubts with intense expressions of spiritual certainty illustrates most clearly the defense mechanism of

A) reaction formation.
B) projection.
C) regression.
D) displacement.

Question 69

Regarding high self-esteem, psychologists who study the self have found that self- affirming thinking

A) is generally maladaptive to the individual because it distorts reality by overinflating self-esteem.
B) is generally adaptive to the individual because it reduces shyness, anxiety, and
Loneliness.
C) tends to prevent the individual from viewing others with compassion and understanding.
D) tends not to characterize people who have experienced unconditional positive

Question 70

A criticism of social-cognitive theories has been that they

A) overestimate the importance of unconscious factors in personality.
B) are inconsistent with research demonstrating the pervasive nature of self- serving bias.
C) underestimate the importance of enduring personality traits.
D) are inconsistent with the results of contemporary research on learning

Question 71

According to Freud's theory, the behavior of a newborn is controlled by

A) the reality principle.
B) the ego.
C) the superego.
D) the id.

Question 72

The text defines personality as

A) the set of personal attitudes that characterizes a person.
B) an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
C) a predictable set of responses to environmental stimuli.
D) an unpredictable set of responses to environmental stimuli.

Question 73

Which two dimensions of personality have the Eysencks emphasized?

A) extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability
B) internal-external locus of control and extraversion-introversion
C) internal-external locus of control and emotional stability-instability
D) melancholic-phlegmatic and choleric-sanguine

Question 74

Research on locus of control indicates that internals are ________ than externals.

A) more dependent
B) more intelligent
C) better able to cope with stress
D) more sociable

Question 75

According to Carl Rogers, people nurture our growth by being genuine, accepting, and

A) conscientious.
B) consistent.
C) extraverted.
D) empathic.

Question 76

According to Carl Jung, the collective unconscious

A) includes memories of our childhood social tensions.
B) triggers attempts to achieve superiority.
C) contains archetypes derived from our species' universal experiences.
D) is a reservoir for our sexual and aggressive motivations.

Question 77

Which of Freud's ideas would NOT be accepted by most contemporary psychologists?

A) Development is essentially fixed in childhood.
B) Sexuality is a potent drive in humans.
C) The mind is an iceberg with consciousness being only the tip.
D) Repression can be the cause of forgetting.

Question 78

A habitual drinker who says she drinks with her friends "just to be sociable" best illustrates

A) displacement.
B) rationalization.
C) reaction formation.
D) the spotlight effect.

Question 79

Which of the following is the major criticism of the social-cognitive perspective?

A) It focuses too much on early childhood experiences.
B) It focuses too little on the inner traits of a person.
C) It provides descriptions but not explanations.
D) It lacks appropriate assessment techniques.

Question 80

With regard to personality, it appears that

A) there is little consistency of behavior from one situation to the next and little consistency of traits over the life span.
B) there is little consistency of behavior from one situation to the next but
Significant consistency of traits over the life span.
C) there is significant consistency of behavior from one situation to the next but little consistency of traits over the life span.
D) there is significant consistency of behavior from one situation to the next and