Deck 8: Learning

Question 1

Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they first learned of the death of a close friend or family member. This best illustrates ________ memory.

A) Iconic
B) flashbulb
C) implicit
D) state-dependent

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Another term for implicit memory is ________ memory.

A) Iconic
B) short-term
C) nondeclaritive
D) state-dependent

Answer 2

C

Question 3

When you have to make a long-distance call, dialing an unfamiliar area code plus a seven-digit number, you are likely to have trouble retaining the just-looked-up number. This best illustrates the limited capacity of ________ memory.

A) long-term
B) Implicit
C) short-term
D) explicit

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Having read a story once, certain amnesia victims will read it faster the second time even though they can't recall having seen the story before. They have most likely suffered damage to the

A) hippocampus.
B) cerebellum.
C) basal ganglia.
D) amygdala.

Question 5

After Teresa was verbally threatened by someone in a passing car, she was asked whether she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was a male rather than a female. Teresa's experience best illustrates

A) implicit memory.
B) proactive interference.
C) the misinformation effect.
D) the serial position effect.

Question 6

While taking the final exam in American history, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the current president of the United States. Her difficulty most clearly illustrates

A) implicit memory.
B) the serial position effect.
C) the misinformation effect.
D) retrieval failure.

Question 7

A measure of your memory in which you need to pick the correctly learned answer from a displayed list of options is known as a measure of

A) recall.
B) recognition.
C) reconstruction.
D) relearning.

Question 8

Conscious memories of emotionally stressful events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the

A) basal ganglia.
B) amygdala.
C) cerebellum.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 9

Several months after watching a science fiction movie about spaceship travel and alien abductions, Steve began to remember that he had been abducted by aliens and personally subjected to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall best illustrates

A) implicit memory.
B) the spacing effect.
C) source amnesia.
D) mood-congruent memory.

Question 10

After Maya gave her friend the password to a protected website, the friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her ________ memory.

A) Procedural
B) short-term
C) flashbulb
D) implicit

Question 11

At a block party, Cyndi is introduced to eight new neighbors. Moments later, she remembers only the names of the first three and last two neighbors. Her experience illustrates

A) source amnesia.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) implicit memory.
D) the serial position effect.

Question 12

Whenever Valerie experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experience best illustrates

A) repression.
B) mood-congruent memory.
C) retroactive interference.
D) the misinformation effect.

Question 13

Which of the following is most likely to be stored as an implicit memory?

A) a mental image of one's best friend
B) the date of one's own birth
C) a conditioned fear of guns
D) one's own name

Question 14

Combining individual letters into familiar words enables you to remember more of the letters in this sentence. This best illustrates the value of

A) the spacing effect.
B) iconic memory.
C) the serial position effect.
D) chunking.

Question 15

Researchers now recognize the active information processing that occurs in short- term memory and refer to it as ________ memory.

A) Sensory
B) working
C) flashbulb
D) implicit

Question 16

Although Ron typically smokes two packs of cigarettes a day, he recalls smoking little more than a pack a day. This poor memory best illustrates

A) the misinformation effect.
B) motivated forgetting.
C) the self-reference effect.
D) the serial position effect.

Question 17

Which of the following questions about the word depressed would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen the word on this quiz?

A) How well does the word describe you?
B) Does the word consist of ten letters?
C) Is the word written in capital letters?
D) Does the word rhyme with obsessed?

Question 18

After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle accident, Arotza cannot form new memories. He can, however, remember events before the accident. Arotza's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates

A) retroactive interference.
B) the serial position effect.
C) anterograde amnesia.
D) iconic memory.

Question 19

When you hear familiar words in your native language, it is virtually impossible not to register the meanings of the words. This best illustrates the importance of

A) flashbulb memory.
B) automatic processing.
C) iconic memory.
D) the spacing effect.

Question 20

The gradual fading of the physical memory trace contributes to

A) chunking.
B) storage decay.
C) anterograde amnesia.
D) long-term potentiation.

Question 21

Jenkins and Dallenbach found that memory was better in people who were

A) awake during the retention interval, presumably because decay was reduced.
B) asleep during the retention interval, presumably because decay was reduced.
C) awake during the retention interval, presumably because interference was reduced.
D) asleep during the retention interval, presumably because interference was reduced.

Question 22

Semantic encoding is a type of

A) mnemonic.
B) shallow processing.
C) deep processing.
D) echoic memory.

Question 23

Long-term potentiation refers to

A) the disruptive influence of old memories on the formation of new memories.
B) the disruptive influence of recent memories on the retrieval of old memories.
C) our tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood.
D) the increased efficiency of synaptic transmission between certain neurons following learning.

Question 24

Amnesia patients typically experience disruption of

A) implicit memories.
B) explicit memories.
C) iconic memories.
D) echoic memories.

Question 25

Lashley's studies, in which rats learned a maze and then had various parts of their brains surgically removed, showed that the memory

A) was lost when surgery took place within 1 hour of learning.
B) was lost when surgery took place within 24 hours of learning.
C) was lost when any region of the brain was removed.
D) remained no matter which area of the brain was tampered with.

Question 26

Amnesia victims typically have experienced damage to the ________ of the brain.

A) frontal lobes
B) Cerebellum
C) Thalamus
D) hippocampus

Question 27

During her evening Spanish language exam, Janica so easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning that she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty best illustrates

A) the spacing effect.
B) proactive interference.
C) source amnesia.
D) retroactive interference.

Question 28

Textbook chapters are often organized into ________ to facilitate information processing.

A) mnemonic devices
B) Chunks
C) hierarchies
D) recognizable units

Question 29

The semantic processing of the words in a short poem illustrates

A) procedural memory.
B) the peg-word system.
C) the serial position effect.
D) deep processing.

Question 30

Anterograde amnesia is the inability to

A) retrieve old memories.
B) remember where information came from.
C) form new memories.
D) hold more than 7 items in working memory.

Question 31

Employing the single word HOMES to remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes best illustrates the use of

A) the spacing effect.
B) the serial position effect.
C) a mnemonic technique.
D) implicit memory.

Question 32

Mentally rehearsing the glossary definitions of unfamiliar terms in order to remember them for a later test illustrates

A) the peg-word system. procedural memory.
C) effortful processing.
D) echoic memory.

Question 33

Which of the following is central to the processing of procedural memories?

A) hippocampus
B) Hypothalamus
C) basal ganglia
D) amygdala

Question 34

Which of the following is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory?

A) Priming
B) semantic encoding
C) proactive interference
D) long-term potentiation

Question 35

Experimenters gave people a list of words to be recalled. When the participants were tested after a delay, the items that were best recalled were those

A) at the beginning of the list.
B) in the middle of the list.
C) at the end of the list.
D) at the beginning and the end of the list.

Question 36

Mrs. McBride can't consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would be too anxiety-arousing to do so. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates

A) source amnesia.
B) proactive interference.
C) shallow processing.
D) repression.

Question 37

Information is maintained in short-term memory only briefly unless it is

A) encoded.
B) rehearsed.
C) iconic or echoic.
D) retrieved.

Question 38

The happier Judie is, the more readily she recalls positive life experiences. This best illustrates that emotional states can become

A) retrieval cues.
B) short-term memories.
C) sensory memories.
D) flashbulb memories.

Question 39

Mr. Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf several times each week on a particular course. Yet the more he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the need to distinguish between

A) short-term memory and long-term memory.
B) proactive interference and retroactive interference.
C) explicit memory and implicit memory.
D) recognition and recall.

Question 40

Studies by Loftus and Palmer, in which people were quizzed about a film of an accident, indicate that

A) when quizzed immediately, people can recall very little, because of the stress of witnessing an accident.
B) when questioned as little as one day later, their memory was very inaccurate.
C) most people had very accurate memories as much as 6 months later.
D) people's recall may easily be affected by misleading information.

Question 41

Memory for skills is called

A) explicit memory.
B) declarative memory.
C) prime memory.
D) implicit memory.

Question 42

One way to increase the amount of information in memory is to group it into larger, familiar units. This process is referred to as

A) consolidating.
B) organization.
C) encoding.
D) chunking.

Question 43

Which of the following measures of retention is the least sensitive in triggering retrieval?

A) recall
B) Recognition
C) Relearning
D) They are equally sensitive.

Question 44

Echoic memories fade after approximately

A) 1 hour.
B) 1 minute.
C) 1 second.
D) 3 to 4 seconds.

Question 45

The spacing effect means that

A) distributed study yields better retention than cramming.
B) retention is improved when encoding and retrieval are separated by no more than 1 hour.
C) learning causes a reduction in the size of the synaptic gap between certain neurons.
D) delaying retrieval until memory has consolidated improves recall.

Question 46

The eerie feeling of having been somewhere before is an example of

A) state dependency.
B) encoding failure.
C) priming.
D) déjà vu.

Question 47

Hypnotically "refreshed" memories may prove inaccurate-especially if the hypnotist asks leading questions-because of

A) encoding failure.
B) state-dependent memory.
C) proactive interference.
D) memory construction.

Question 48

The three-stage processing model of memory was proposed by

A) Atkinson and Shiffrin.
B) Herman Ebbinghaus.
C) Loftus and Palmer.
D) George Sperling.

Question 49

Memory techniques such as acronyms and the peg-word system are called

A) consolidation devices.\
B) imagery techniques.
C) encoding strategies.
D) mnemonic devices.

Question 50

The process of getting information out of memory storage is called

A) encoding.
B) retrieval.
C) rehearsal.
D) storage.

Question 51

Research on memory construction reveals that memories

A) are stored as exact copies of experience.
B) reflect a person's biases and assumptions.
C) may be chemically transferred from one organism to another.
D) even if long term, usually decay within about five years.

Question 52

Which type of word processing results in the greatest retention?

A) Shallow
B) deep
C) visual
D) auditory

Question 53

Which of the following best describes the typical forgetting curve?

A) a steady, slow decline in retention over time
B) a steady, rapid decline in retention over time
C) a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter
D) a slow initial decline in retention becoming rapid thereafter

Question 54

In Sperling's memory experiment, research participants were shown three rows of three letters, followed immediately by a low, medium, or high tone. The participants were able to report

A) all three rows with perfect accuracy.
B) only the top row of letters.
C) only the middle row of letters.
D) any one of the three rows of letters.

Question 55

Kandel and Schwartz have found that when learning occurs, more of the neurotransmitter ________ is released into synapses.

A) Ach
B) Dopamine
C) serotonin
D) noradrenaline

Question 56

Studies demonstrate that learning causes permanent neural changes in the ________ of animals' neurons.

A) Myelin
B) cell bodies
C) synapses
D) all of these parts

Question 57

The basal ganglia of the brain play a critical role in the formation of

A) iconic memory.
B) echoic memory.
C) procedural memory.
D) explicit memory.

Question 58

Which of the following was not recommended as a strategy for improving memory?

A) active rehearsal
B) distributed study
C) speed reading
D) encoding meaningful associations

Question 59

The misinformation effect provides evidence that memory

A) is constructed during encoding.
B) is unchanging once established.
C) may be reconstructed during recall according to how questions are framed.
D) is highly resistant to misleading information.

Question 60

In a study on context cues, people learned words while on land or when they were underwater. In a later test of recall, those with the best retention had

A) learned the words on land, that is, in the more familiar context.
B) learned the words underwater, that is, in the more exotic context.
C) learned the words and been tested on them in different contexts.
D) learned the words and been tested on them in the same context.

Question 61

An attorney uses misleading questions to distort a court witness' recall of a previously observed crime. This best illustrates

A) state-dependent memory.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) proactive interference.
D) the serial position effect.

Question 62

As compared with long-term memory, short-term memory is ________ permanent and ________ limited in storage capacity.

A) less; more
B) more; less
C) less; less
D) more; more

Question 63

Which area of the brain is most important in the processing of implicit memories?

A) Hippocampus
B) cerebellum
C) hypothalamus
D) amygdale

Question 64

An eyewitness to a bank robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being used?

A) recall
B) relearning
C) recognition
D) reconstruction

Question 65

Although Yusef was having difficulty recalling the capital of Spain, he quickly and correctly identified it after being given a list of cities in Spain. Yusef's initial inability to recall the answer was due to a failure in

A) implicit memory.
B) storage.
C) encoding.
D) retrieval.

Question 66

Although Arturo has looked at his watch thousands of times, he is unable to recall whether the watch features Arabic or Roman numerals. This is most likely because of a failure in

A) encoding.
B) storage.
C) retrieval.
D) iconic memory.

Question 67

After studying biology all afternoon, Alonzo is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material he memorized that morning. Alonzo's difficulty best illustrates

A) retroactive interference.
B) the spacing effect.
C) proactive interference.
D) source amnesia.

Question 68

After hearing stories of things they both had and had not actually experienced with "Mr. Science," preschool children spontaneously recalled him doing things that were only mentioned in the stories. This best illustrates

A) mood-congruent memory.
B) proactive interference.
C) implicit memory.
D) source amnesia.

Question 69

After having seen many pictures of the Lincoln Monument during his lifetime, Mr. Adams mistakenly recalled that he had actually visited the site. This best illustrates

A) source amnesia.
B) proactive interference.
C) implicit memory.
D) the self-reference effect.

Question 70

Adults who have trouble remembering incidences of childhood sexual abuse have been led by therapists to believe that their memory difficulties result from

A) memory storage failure.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) proactive interference.
D) repression.

Question 71

As we retrieve memories from our memory bank, we often alter them based on past experiences and our current expectations. This best illustrates

A) implicit memory.
B) proactive interference.
C) the spacing effect.
D) memory construction.

Question 72

Which of the following is NOT a measure of retention?

A) Recall
B) Recognition
C) relearning
D) retrieval

Question 73

After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the phone number was clearly stored in his ________ memory.

A) Implicit
B) short-term
C) flashbulb
D) long-term

Question 74

A baseball strikes Ashley in the head and she is momentarily knocked unconscious. The physical injury, though not serious, is most likely to interfere with Ashley's ________ memory.

A) Flashbulb
B) long-term
C) procedural
D) short-term

Question 75

Visual sensory memory is referred to as

A) iconic memory.
B) echoic memory.
C) photomemory.
D) semantic memory.

Question 76

When Gordon Bower presented words grouped by category or in random order, recall was

A) the same for all words.
B) better for the categorized words.
C) better for the random words.
D) improved when participants developed their own mnemonic devices.

Question 77

Although Maria can encode and consciously recall new information, she is unable to consciously recall events that happened prior to the brain damage that she suffered as an adolescent. Maria's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates

A) retrograde amnesia.
B) proactive interference.
C) anterograde amnesia.
D) retroactive interference.

Question 78

A year and a half after directly experiencing a San Francisco earthquake, people had very accurate recall of where they had been and what they were doing at the time of the earthquake. Their recall best illustrates ________ memory.

A) Implicit
B) Sensory
C) Procedural
D) flashbulb

Question 79

A stimulus linked to a specific memory is a(n)

A) memory trace.
B) implicit memory.
C) retrieval cue.
D) LTP.

Question 80

An inability to access information in long-term memory is known as

A) long-term potentiation.
B) flashbulb memory.
C) the spacing effect.
D) retrieval failure.