Deck 10: Physicians

Question 1

Most American medical practitioners in the period before the American Revolution were:

A) Ship's surgeons.
B) Apothecaries.
C) Clergy.
D) Trained in Europe.
E) All of the above.

Answer 1

All of the above.

Question 2

Once a professional group becomes established, Goode indicates that it begins to further consolidate its power by:

A) Formalizing social relationships.
B) Encouraging a service orientation.
C) Developing associations that limit membership.
D) Expanding practice scope.
E) All of the above.

Answer 2

Formalizing social relationships.

Question 3

American medical schools in the 1800s were known to have:

A) Low standards.
B) Poor facilities.
C) Incentive programs (e.g., trips to Europe).
D) Financially strong students.
E) All of the above.

Answer 3

All of the above.

Question 4

Who was responsible for significant advancements in the germ theory of disease?

A) Koch.
B) Goode.
C) Pasteur.
D) Virchow.
E) Grant.

Question 5

The Flexner Report reviewed the state of:

A) Medical education.
B) The AMA.
C) The professionalization of physicians.
D) Infectious disease.
E) None of the above.

Question 6

Recognition on the part of clients, outside agencies, and the wider society of the profession's claim to _____________________ is necessary if professional decisions are not to be reviewed by outside authorities.

A) Professionalism.
B) Dominance.
C) Competence.
D) Being service-oriented.
E) None of the Above.

Question 7

Who unveiled a general concept of disease based on cellular pathology?

A) Koch.
B) Goode.
C) Pasteur.
D) Virchow.
E) Grant.

Question 8

AMA local societies have the power to enforce conformity at their level because they determine:

A) Dues.
B) Membership qualifications.
C) Participation in events.
D) Membership size (maximum size of the AMA).
E) None of the above.

Question 9

Who defined the guidelines for analyzing the development of the medical profession in American society?

A) Goode.
B) Koch.
C) Durkheim.
D) Brown.
E) Grant.

Question 10

Physicians in the United States used to lack:

A) A service orientation.
B) Lengthy training in specialized knowledge.
C) Male dominance.
D) The desire to help patients.
E) All of the above.

Question 11

The Flexner Report was sponsored by the:

A) American government.
B) European government.
C) Carnegie Foundation.
D) National Institutes of Health.
E) All of the above.

Question 12

In the developing American West, anyone who had ___________ could obtain a medical degree and practice medicine.

A) Ambition.
B) Money.
C) Enthusiasm.
D) Noble blood/heritage.
E) All of the Above.

Question 13

Which is a sociologically relevant characteristic noted by Goode in explaining professionalism?

A) Professional titles and prestige.
B) Prolonged training in a body of specialized knowledge.
C) Entrance screening to only admit the most qualified.
D) Being male dominated.
E) All of the above.

Question 14

Which is NOT a feature of professionalism?

A) The profession determines its own standards of education and training.
B) The student professional goes through a more stringent socialization experience than the learner in other occupations.
C) Professional practice is often legally recognized by some form of licensure.
D) Licensing and admission boards are staffed by members of the profession.
E) All of the above are features.

Question 15

In 2011, what percentage of all eligible physicians were members of the AMA?

A) Less than 20%.
B) 30%.
C) 40%.
D) 50%.
E) Over 60%.

Question 16

One of the most significant guiding principles of the AMA has been its view of the physician as a(an) ___________________________.

A) Academic force for change.
B) Articulate, charismatic healer.
C) Societal leader.
D) Independent practitioner.
E) All of the above.

Question 17

President Bill Clinton referred to the AMA as just another ___________________.

A) Special interest group.
B) Lobbyist organization.
C) Powerful force trying to shape American policy.
D) Civil society group.
E) None of the above.

Question 18

The ____________ was founded in Philadelphia in 1847.

A) American Medical Association.
B) American College of Physicians.
C) Health Care Workers, USA Chapter.
D) Alliance of Physicians.
E) All of the above.

Question 19

With the founding of the American Medical Association (AMA) in Philadelphia, _____________ could mark the beginning of a new era in medicine.

A) Nurses.
B) Physicians.
C) The government.
D) Hospitals.
E) None of the above.

Question 20

Which is NOT a feature of professionalism?

A) Most legislation concerned with the profession is shaped by that profession.
B) As the occupation gains income, power, and prestige, it can demand high-caliber students.
C) The practitioner is relatively free of lay evaluation and control.
D) Members are strongly identified by their profession.
E) All of the above are features.

Question 21

The social importance of medical practice and the limited number of people with the requisite training are not the only criteria explaining the professional status of physicians.

Question 22

Physicians from a lower-class social origin were more likely than upper-class doctors to emphasize success values as reasons for going into medicine. Those physicians who were initially success-oriented became less so after commencing their practices, while the reverse occurred with those who were less success-oriented. This change occurs through:

A) Socialization.
B) Professionalization.
C) Medicalization.
D) Hazing.
E) All of the above.

Question 23

Medical schools have begun to employ which method to help decrease doubt and improve the application of medical knowledge?

A) Clinical rotations.
B) Koch's postulates.
C) Evidence-based medicine.
D) Grand rounds.
E) None of the above.

Question 24

The professionalization of medicine would not have been possible without control over the standards for medical education.

Question 25

A larger percentage of physicians are AMA members today than were in years past.

Question 26

Renée Fox found that medical students at Cornell Medical School acquired two basic traits as a result of their medical training: the ability to be emotionally detached from the patient and to ___________________.

A) Understand the limitations of medicine.
B) Convey "bad news."
C) Tolerate uncertainty.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 27

The AMA supported the implementation of Medicare.

Question 28

The "inner core" of physicians is divided into two major groups >. Which of the following is one of these groups?

A) Student elite.
B) Practitioner elite.
C) Administrative elite.
D) Surgeon elite.
E) None of the above.

Question 29

Which is NOT an important factor in establishing prestige within the medical profession?

A) Hospital affiliation.
B) Race of the practitioner.
C) Clientele.
D) The inner fraternity.
E) All are important factors.

Question 30

Oswald Hall pointed out that the decision to study medicine is largely ___________ in character:

A) Biological.
B) Humanitarian.
C) Psychological.
D) Social.
E) None of the above.

Question 31

Which group exercises influence over medical work through its research productivity rather than focusing on individual diagnosis and treatment?

A) Knowledge elite.
B) Research elite.
C) Policy elite.
D) Management elite.
E) None of the above.

Question 32

Administrators generally control clinical work and the efforts of most other people who provide health care directly to patients.

Question 33

Medical education is adjusting to new realities in medical practice. Changes include the transition in American health care delivery from:

A) A system run by doctors to one shaped by the purchasers of care and the competition for profits.
B) A decline in the public's trust in doctors to greater questioning and even distrust.
C) A change in emphasis on specialization and subspecialization to primary care and prevention.
D) Less hospital care to more outpatient care in homes and doctors' offices.
E) All of the above.

Question 34

The status and prestige accorded to the physician is recognition of the physician's expertise concerning one of society's most essential functions-the definition and treatment of health problems.

Question 35

In 2010, there were about 200,000 doctors actively practicing medicine in the United States.

Question 36

Many influential appointments to AMA councils and committees are voted upon by either the general membership or the House of Delegates.

Question 37

The AMA no longer yields influence in health legislation.

Question 38

About two-thirds of all women doctors belong to the AMA.

Question 39

Medical students shift from __________ to _____________ as part of a functional learning process fitted to the physician's role of maintaining an objective perspective of health and disease.

A) Excitement; dejection.
B) Defeatism; hopefulness.
C) Optimism; to pessimism.
D) Idealism; cynicism.
E) None of the above.

Question 40

There is no forum for effective dissent within the AMA.

Question 41

While evidence-based medicine is a major improvement in reducing uncertainty, uncertainty is still attached to many aspects of medical practice.

Question 42

. What is the Flexner Report, and how did it affect medical education?

Question 43

Evidence-based medicine utilizes clinical practice guidelines, providing highly detailed step-by-step instructions on medical care that the students can refer to in clinical situations.

Question 44

Past studies on the social origins of American medical students show that most are from upper- and upper-middle-class families.

Question 45

Medical education is having to adjust to new realities in medical practice. What are these realities?

Question 46

One aspect of medical training that appears in several studies of medical students is the finding that the experience tends to promote emotional attachment to patients.

Question 47

The primary reason given by many medical students for choosing a career in medicine has been that of wanting "to have a higher income."

Question 48

Family influence is an especially important variable in encouraging and reinforcing the ambitions of the future recruit to the medical profession.

Question 49

What are three factors important in establishing prestige within the medical profession? Discuss.

Question 50

Describe the history of the American Medical Association. What is this body? How does it contribute or hurt the professionalization of medicine?

Question 51

Becker and his associates noted that most entering medical students assumed they would be well paid. Hence, making money was apparently secondary to helping patients.