Deck 5: Psychopharmacology and New Drug Development

Question 1

If an individual learns to compensate for his or her drunkenness by walking more slowly, this would be an example of tolerance.

A)behavioral
B)acute
C)dispositional
D)protracted

Answer 1

A

Question 2

tolerance to a drug occurs when there is increased sensitivity to the effects of the drug with repeated use.

A)Reverse
B)Cross
C)Dispositional
D)Protracted

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is thought to contribute to drug expectancies?

A)past use of a drug
B)advertising
C)friends' use of a drug
D)television
E)All of these are correct.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

refers to an increase in the rate of the metabolism of a drug, so that the user must consume greater quantities of it in order to maintain a certain level of the drug in his or her body.

A)Functional tolerance
B)Dispositional tolerance
C)Cross tolerance
D)Reverse tolerance

Question 5

According to the stress response dampening model, people who are are more likely to be sensitive to alcohol's stress-reducing effects.

A)bored
B)introverted
C)deliberate
D)aggressive

Question 6

Which of the following is not true of drug expectancies?

A)Expectancy effects are most prominent with proscribed behaviors, such as aggression
B)Expectancies may be more influential than a drug's pharmacological action
C)Alcohol's effect on motor skills is not impacted by expectancies
D)The same sensation produced by a drug may be interpreted either positively or negatively depending on the user's expectancies.

Question 7

The phenomenon of occurs when repeated administration of a drug results in reduced response to that drug.

A)tolerance
B)dependence
C)conditioning
D)withdrawal

Question 8

A specified dose of a drug administered to a man and a woman on average will have greater effects on the woman. This is because of differences in .

A)brain chemistry
B)body fat
C)hormones
D)expectancies

Question 9

Which of the following is a type of functional tolerance?

A)behavioral tolerance
B)reverse tolerance
C)dispositional tolerance
D)protracted tolerance

Question 10

A person who is highly tolerant to creates problems for anesthesiologists in surgery.

A)marijuana
B)amphetamines
C)nicotine
D)barbiturates

Question 11

Which of the following accurately describes the influence that age has on drug effects?

A)Susceptibility to a drug's effects declines over the life span.
B)Susceptibility to a drug's effects increases over the life span.
C)Children and the elderly are more susceptible to a drug's effects.
D)Age has no effect on susceptibility to drug effects.

Question 12

If an individual needs to drink 6 beers in order to achieve the same effect that he/she used to experience with 3 beers, this is an example of .

A)acute tolerance
B)protracted tolerance
C)dispositional tolerance
D)reverse tolerance

Question 13

means a state of equilibrium or balance.

A)Homeostasis
B)Potentiation
C)Cell adaptation
D)Tolerance

Question 14

Nathan was excited when one of the cool kids offered him his first cigarette.But he couldn't understand how they could just smoke and talk and laugh, because the cigarette made Nathan feel woozy and sick to his stomach.What does this scene describe?

A)reverse tolerance
B)dysfunctional tolerance
C)initial sensitivity
D)drug expectancy

Question 15

In tolerance, a person's tolerance to one drug may extend to other closely related drugs.

A)dispositional
B)functional
C)reverse
D)cross

Question 16

Setting factors are particularly important in the effects of .

A)alcohol
B)marijuana
C)hallucinogens
D)All of these are correct.
E)alcohol and marijuana only

Question 17

According to cell adaptation theory, the cells of the become adapted to the presence of a drug with repeated exposure to it.

A)central nervous system
B)liver
C)kidneys
D)pancreas

Question 18

tolerance is a type of functional tolerance that is measured within the course of action of a single dose or first few doses of a drug.

A)Acute
B)Cross
C)Protracted
D)Dispositional

Question 19

Individual differences in the initial sensitivity to a drug's effects are thought to be determined by .

A)classical conditioning
B)expectancies
C)genetics
D)None of these are correct.

Question 20

Studies have shown that young men who later developed alcohol problems were more likely to be .

A)conforming
B)introverted
C)impulsive
D)All of these are correct.

Question 21

Which of the following are examples of conditioned stimuli associated with substance use?

A)a syringe
B)a bar
C)a drinking buddy
D)All of these are correct.

Question 22

Which of the following is a way in which new drugs are discovered?

A)accidental observation of an unexpected drug effect
B)the synthesis of known or novel compounds
C)the rediscovery of folk usages of naturally occurring products
D)All of these are correct.

Question 23

A group is one in which subjects receive a chemically inactive substance, but are of the same make- up and are treated the same as subjects who do receive the drug.

A)double-blind
B)drug discrimination
C)placebo control
D)none of these

Question 24

Drug use prevention activities are highly effective as a first defense because they help people avoid the influence of .

A)reinforcement
B)homeostasis
C)addiction
D)cross-tolerance

Question 25

In a research experiment testing the effect of a newly synthesized drug, what will the control group receive?

A)a pill with the full, 50-mg dose
B)a pill with a 10 percent, 5-mg dose
C)a pill with a 50-mg inert substance
D)a pill with a 50 percent, 25-mg dose

Question 26

Research has shown that about of the traffic fatalities in the United States are associated with alcohol.

A)10%
B)25%
C)50%
D)75%

Question 27

When Eliza visited a shaman, she drank a "magic" mushroom tea that made her see colors and visions - and she got so much clarity on her life's journey.A week later, Eliza read that the shaman was arrested for fraud and that the whole experience was a sham, including the normal grocery store tea that she drank.What caused Eliza's visions when she was with the shaman?

A)addictive personality
B)cognitive dissonance
C)initial sensitivity
D)drug expectancy

Question 28

At what blood alcohol level do all states consider an individual to be legally intoxicated?

A).06
B).08
C).10
D).12

Question 29

Which of the following is true?

A)Protracted tolerance reverses in a short time period, while acute tolerance requires more abstinence to reverse.
B)Acute tolerance reverses in a short time period, while protracted tolerance requires more abstinence to reverse.
C)Acute and protracted tolerance both reverse in a short time period of abstinence.
D)Acute and protracted tolerance both require a lengthy period of abstinence to reverse.

Question 30

Animal drug studies offer value in human applications when the results of the studies are .

A)double blind
B)accurate
C)generalizable
D)reinforced

Question 31

A is a consequence of a behavior that increases the likelihood that it will occur in the future.

A)conditioned stimulus
B)punisher
C)reinforcer
D)rebound effect

Question 32

When people are exposed to conditioned stimuli many times without the drug they are associated with, the feelings of discomfort or craving these stimuli produce dissipate.This is a process known as .

A)extinction
B)withdrawal
C)rebound
D)reverse tolerance

Question 33

is an increase in the frequency of a behavior when it results in avoidance of or escape from something.

A)Negative reinforcement
B)Punishment
C)Positive reinforcement
D)Withdrawal

Question 34

Which term best reflects the concept of addictive personality?

A)falsehood
B)fact
C)evidence
D)idea

Question 35

Drug self-administration studies indicate that .

A)animals may actually "prefer" the drug experience
B)reinforcers are more effective when there is some delay between them and the behavior
C)the psychiatric drugs chlorpromazine and imipramine are high in reinforcement value
D)All of these are correct.

Question 36

Learning not to touch a hot stove after having been burned by it is an example of learning through .

A)positive reinforcement
B)negative reinforcement
C)punishment
D)None of these are correct.

Question 37

refers to the experimental method in which neither the experimenter nor the subject knows which experimental condition the subject is in.

A)Placebo control
B)Classical conditioning
C)Double blind
D)Group design

Question 38

When given , the usual disruption in behavior produced by introducing the punishment component in "conflict paradigm" experiments does not occur.

A)marijuana
B)benzodiazepines
C)LSD
D)amphetamines

Question 39

Carla is known for being up for anything.She'll try any drug her friends have, will take on any dare, and will just hop on a bus sometimes to see where it goes.Carla would formally be described as having a(n) personality.

A)self-indulgent
B)sensation-seeking
C)addictive
D)reckless

Question 40

studies allow behavioral pharmacologists to classify experimental drugs according to their subjective effects even before they have been administered to people.

A)drug discrimination
B)conflict paradigm
C)placebo control
D)classical conditioning

Question 41

How long does the first step in new drug development - initial synthesis and preclinical trials - typically take?

A)1 to 3 months
B)6 months to 1 year
C)1 to 3 years
D)18 months to 2 years

Question 42

Marijuana is a drug whose pharmacological effects far outweigh the influence of expectancies.

Question 43

Which of the following is true regarding a drug's generic name?

A)It is the name most people would know.
B)It is the most useful name for chemists.
C)It is a shortened version of a drug's chemical name.
D)None of these are true.

Question 44

Sensation seekers enjoy change and complexity.

Question 45

According to the Stress Response Dampening model, individuals who have had a stressful drug or alcohol experience are less likely to abuse drugs or alcohol.

Question 46

Due to drug expectancy, everyone has the same initial sensitivity when taking a particular drug.

Question 47

is an example of a drug that was approved too early, before potential side effects could adequately be explored.

A)AZT
B)Penicillin
C)Thalidomide
D)Prozac

Question 48

Subjects in Phase 1 of clinical trials on humans during new drug development typically include .

A)up to 50 patients with the target disease
B)up to 50 normal volunteers
C)1,000 or more patients with the target disease
D)1,000 or more normal volunteers

Question 49

What can be concluded from the results of the 1993 Concorde study?

A)The clinical trials process in drug testing should be dramatically reduced.
B)The clinical trials process will continue to take a substantial period of time.
C)The clinical trials process is only necessary for certain drugs.
D)None of these are correct.

Question 50

Which of the following is a brand name for a drug?

A)acetaminophen
B)naproxen sodium
C)tylenol
D)aspirin

Question 51

Because a heavier person has more blood and other body fluids than a lighter person, the same drug dose has more of an effect on the heavier person.

Question 52

Which of the following is true of generic drugs?

A)They are chemical copies of brand name drugs.
B)They are less effective than brand name drugs.
C)They can be sold after a brand name drug has been on the market for 20 years.
D)They cost the same as brand name drugs, but are more readily available.

Question 53

Research subjects who drank in the company of others were more likely to report physical changes related to drinking than were subjects who drank alone.

Question 54

A drug's name indicates the drug's structural formula.

A)chemical
B)pharmacokinetic
C)brand
D)generic

Question 55

Acute tolerance to alcohol is more likely to impair speed in performing cognitive tasks than accuracy.

Question 56

The elderly are more sensitive to drug effects because their enzyme systems may be impaired, resulting in increased duration of drug action.

Question 57

Tolerance may develop to some effects of a drug, but not to others.

Question 58

"Downregulation" refers to a process where repeated exposure to a drug increases the number of receptor sites on neurons that the drug activates.

Question 59

What is the first stage in the FDA's guidelines for the testing and marketing of a drug?

A)animal trials
B)experimental studies with healthy volunteers
C)experimental studies with clinical patients
D)belief that a particular compound has clinical value
E)None of these are correct.

Question 60

After a new drug has received licensing and marketing approval,

A)it is submitted for development as a generic
B)it is evaluated in use by doctors and patients
C)it no longer requires government oversight
D)it is eligible for large-scale clinical trials

Question 61

The set of ethical guidelines for biomedical research is known as the Nuremburg code.

Question 62

Cell adaptation theory assumes that a drug's action occurs on specific cells in the central nervous system.

Question 63

What is a placebo-control experiment? Why is it often used in the study of alcohol and other drugs?

Question 64

Peer and social influences play a key role in a person's continued use of drugs following their first experience.

Question 65

In the United States, the Drug Enforcement Administration sets the guidelines regulating new drug development.

Question 66

How do the biological and psychological characteristics of the user affect the drug experience? Give examples to support your thinking.

Question 67

In drug studies, the generalizability from animals to humans is poor.

Question 68

Describe how the operant concepts of reinforcement and punishment impact drug use.Be sure to address both positive and negative reinforcement.Provide examples to support your thinking.

Question 69

The field of behavioral pharmacology operates under the guiding principle that drug use is an innate personality characteristic.

Question 70

Describe the differences between brand name and generic drugs.What are some positive and negative perspectives regarding generic drugs?

Question 71

Once a particular tolerance level is reached, it is irreversible.

Question 72

The American Medical Association prefers that their customers use brand-name drugs rather than generic drugs because the brand-name drugs are more rigorously tested.

Question 73

Describe how drug expectancy can develop for alcohol.What are some key factors that play a role in the process?

Question 74

Reacquisition of tolerance following an extended period of abstinence takes as long as when tolerance to the drug was initially developed.

Question 75

A control group is an experimental group in which subjects can control the dose of a drug that is administered.

Question 76

Explain the difference between protracted tolerance, cross-tolerance, and reverse tolerance.Give examples to support your thinking.