Deck 18: The Work of Ice: the Cryosphere and Glacial Landforms

Question 1

Periglacial environments are found at high latitudes and high elevations where temperatures are almost always below freezing.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Moraines are always composed of till.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

In kame-and-kettle topography, kettles are mounds on the ice that make small hills.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Glacial striations are layers in sedimentary rock revealed by glacial erosion.

Question 5

Most alpine glaciers are retreating upslope due to warming of the atmosphere.

Question 6

Permafrost regions have gelisol soils.

Question 7

Mammoth tusks are valued for their ivory.

Question 8

The Greenland ice sheet has a negative mass balance.

Question 9

Only Antarctica has an ice sheet today.

Question 10

A nunatak is an outcrop of rock surrounded by an ice sheet.

Question 11

The "driftless area" in Wisconsin is given this name because it has no glaciofluvial deposits.

Question 12

The Antarctic ice sheet mass balance is currently positive.

Question 13

There is twice as much carbon stored in permafrost soils as there currently is in the atmosphere.

Question 14

Valley glaciers carve V-shaped valleys.

Question 15

Through abrasion, glaciers often polish rock surfaces over which they flow.

Question 16

A moulin is a vertical shaft in an ice sheet through which water flows.

Question 17

In kame-and-kettle topography, kames are depressions in the landscape in which water often fills.

Question 18

Glacial flour colors water blue because it reflects blue wavelengths of light.

Question 19

Permafrost is ground that is continuously frozen for one year or more.

Question 20

Most permafrost soil is found in Siberia.

Question 21

Glacial drift is any material deposited by a glacier or a stream flowing out of a glacier.

Question 22

Lakes downstream of glaciers are sometimes colored bright blue as a result of suspended sediments called glacial flour.

Question 23

Greenland is losing approximately 286 km³ (68 mi³) of ice each year.

Question 24

Icebergs form only in the oceans.

Question 25

The Arctic is warming twice as fast as the rest of the world's average rate of warming.

Question 26

Antarctica is about 2 miles thick.

Question 27

The Laurentide ice sheet extended all the way south to Virginia.

Question 28

When ice shelves break apart, the outlet glaciers behind them begin flowing into the sea faster, causing sea level rise.

Question 29

The number of summer snowmelt days on Greenland is increasing.

Question 30

A glacial horn is found only in mountainous regions that have been glaciated.

Question 31

Greenland's glaciers are losing mass because they are melting and because its outlet glaciers are flowing faster into the ocean.

Question 32

Loess is wind-deposited silt and clay that is often derived from glacial outwash plains.

Question 33

A glacier with a negative mass balance gains ice faster than it loses it.

Question 34

Large boulders transported long distances by glaciers are called glacial erratics.

Question 35

Glaciers that reach sea level are called tidewater glaciers.

Question 36

Climate change alone was responsible for the extinction of the mammoth.

Question 37

Ice streams form where outlet glaciers become constricted in valleys.

Question 38

When outlet glaciers flow into the ice of ice sheets they cause sea-level rise.

Question 39

Many northern lakes are now emitting nitrous oxide gas as their permafrost soils thaw.

Question 40

NASA's GRACE satellite shows that Antarctica as a whole is losing 127 Gt\yr of ice, or 127 km³(30 mi³).

Question 41

In the __________ zone, ice deforms and flows in a glacier.

A)brittle
B)transition
C)plastic deformation
D)glacial ice

Question 42

What type of glacier forms lobes of ice that spill out onto flat plains?

A)cirque glacier
B)valley glacier
C)piedmont glacier
D)ice cap

Question 43

The __________ zone is found about 60 meters below the glacier's surface.

A)brittle
B)transition
C)plastic deformation
D)glacial ice

Question 44

Referring to Table 18.1, alpine glaciers have what percentage of all ice on Earth?

A)91%
B)76%
C)8%
D)1%

Question 45

Kame-and-kettle topography is formed by a continental ice sheet.

Question 46

According to the IPCC, by the year 2100 sea level will likely be 1 to 2 m (3.3 to 6.6 ft) higher than it is today.

Question 47

A(n) __________ is a bowl-shaped depression with steep headwalls.

A)cirque
B)tarn
C)arête
D)col

Question 48

Where two glaciers merge, their lateral moraines also merge, forming a __________ moraine.

A)terminal
B)lateral
C)recessional
D)medial

Question 49

The Southern Hemisphere has more permafrost than the Northern Hemisphere because of Antarctica.

Question 50

Only glaciers can produce glacial polish.

Question 51

About __________ meters below a glacier's surface, ice can slowly deform and flow.

A)30
B)40
C)50
D)60

Question 52

A hanging valley forms where a tributary glacier feeds into a larger glacial valley with a deeper valley floor.

Question 53

What type of glacier forms a bowl-shaped depression?

A)cirque glacier
B)valley glacier
C)piedmont glacier
D)ice cap

Question 54

Worldwide 634 million people live within 10 m (33 ft) of sea level.

Question 55

Most mammoths became extinct by 9,600 years ago.

Question 56

When ice shelves break apart they cause sea-level rise.

Question 57

Referring to Table 18.1, Antarctica has what percentage of all ice on Earth?

A)91%
B)76%
C)8%
D)1%

Question 58

Glaciers form in periglacial environments.

Question 59

By the end of this century, sea level could rise __________ meter(s).

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 60

Which is not used by scientists to monitor changes in glacier mass balance?

A)photographs
B)field measurements
C)satellite remote sensing
D)seismometers

Question 61

In a glacial surge, a glacier may flow as fast as __________ meters per day.

A)5
B)10
C)15
D)30

Question 62

The fastest flow in a glacier occurs where?

A)near the edges of the glacier
B)at the base of the glacier
C)at the surface and center of the glacier
D)Glaciers flow a uniform speed throughout.

Question 63

When the mass balance of a glacier is positive, the toe's position will __________.

A)advance
B)retreat
C)not change
D)melt

Question 64

What type of glacier forms a large dome over high mountain regions?

A)cirque glacier
B)valley glacier
C)piedmont glacier
D)ice cap

Question 65

The Northern Hemisphere's thickest permafrost is found in __________.

A)the Andes
B)Alaska
C)northeastern Russia
D)northern Canada

Question 66

When the mass balance of a glacier is negative, the toe's position will __________.

A)advance
B)retreat
C)not change
D)melt

Question 67

By the end of this century, the annual rate of sea-level rise could reach __________ millimeters per year.

A)2
B)4
C)6
D)8

Question 68

Which type of moraine forms along the edge of a glacier?

A)recessional moraine
B)lateral moraine
C)terminal moraine
D)medial moraine

Question 69

What factor do scientists think is causing some of Greenland's outlet glaciers to flow into the ocean faster?

A)The temperature of the ice is increasing, allowing it to deform and flow faster.
B)Increased snowfall is speeding up the rate of glacier flow.
C)The glaciers are being lubricated by liquid water from moulins.
D)Decreased snowfall is speeding up the rate of glacier flow.

Question 70

Referring to Table 18.1, if Antarctica were to melt, sea level would rise by how many meters?

A)73
B)62
C)6.5
D)0.45

Question 71

A __________ is a hill with a core of ice.

A)pingo
B)patterned ground
C)talik
D)drunken forest

Question 72

Firn has an air content of about __________ percent.

A)20
B)25
C)50
D)90

Question 73

Which is a depression formed by a buried stagnant ice block?

A)kettle hole
B)drumlin
C)kame
D)esker

Question 74

The process in which the movement of one material wears away another material is called __________.

A)plucking
B)abrasion
C)glacial polish
D)calving

Question 75

__________ is ground that has been influenced by freeze-thaw cycles that slowly wedge soil apart.

A)A pingo
B)Patterned ground
C)Talik
D)A drunken forest

Question 76

Proglacial lakes are found where?

A)on a glacier
B)on the sides of a glacier
C)at the toe of a glacier
D)at the headwalls of a glacier

Question 77

In the figure, which panel shows the toe of the glacier advancing?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)The glacier is not advancing in any panel.

Question 78

Worldwide, over __________ million people live within 1 meter of the high-tide line.

A)10
B)50
C)75
D)100

Question 79

Referring to Table 18.1, Greenland has what percentage of all ice on Earth?

A)91%
B)76%
C)8%
D)1%

Question 80

In the last century, sea level rose about __________ millimeters per year.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4