Deck 6: Crime and Criminal Justice: Dilemmas of Social Control

Question 1

the right to counsel and the admissibility of confession;

Question 2

"Street Crime"

A) is an act committed by willing adults
B) has the most negative impact on America's sense of community.
C) is more often committed by educated people
D) costs the American public the most in lost dollar value from crime

Answer 2

B

Question 3

the exclusionary rule and the admissibility of illegally obtained evidence;

Question 4

Which demographic category has NOT impacted crime statistics?

A) Baby Boomers
B) Divorce Rates
C) Juveniles
D) Legalized abortions

Answer 4

A

Question 5

At the present time, one of the challenges to students of crime is to explain why the crime rate ____________ in the 1990s.

A) rose substantially
B) did not change
C) fell substantially
D) rose and fell wildly

Answer 5

C

Question 6

constraints on the use of capital punishment.
Estimates vary on what proportion of street crime (for example, mugging, robbery, and auto theft) is committed to support an addiction to illegal drugs; however, such estimates uniformly place the figure at over half and sometimes as high as three-quarters. The high cost of addictive drugs on the illegal market combined with an inflexible and economically inelastic demand for such drugs almost requires the addict to commit crimes to support the addiction. Clearly, a reduction in the extent of drug addiction should lead to a reduction in crimes against property. Moreover, since intravenous drug users are a primary source of new AIDS cases, reducing drug addiction would affect the spread of that disease.
The first strategy to reduce drug addiction-and perhaps the most popular to the public-is to try to intercept the supply, usually referred to as a "war on drugs." President Nixon, for example, initiated the much-heralded "Project Intercept." This strategy was reemphasized in the Reagan and first Bush administrations. Though the heroic efforts of federal agents to catch drug smugglers, punish them, and confiscate their wares make sensational newspaper headlines, such efforts do not have a positive impact on the extent of drug addiction. The supply may be temporarily diminished, an unintended consequence of which raises the price of the remaining available drugs. The demand for drugs, however, is not sensitive to price, at least among chronic users.
Whatever deterrent effect the punishments of the criminal justice system may provide, it does not apply to teenagers, the age group most likely to commit crimes against persons and property. The idea that children cannot be held responsible for their actions in the same ways as adults can appeals to our sense of fairness. After all, little children cannot be expected to possess the powers of judgment to discern right from wrong. But it is not clear that this inability to discern right from wrong also applies to people in their middle to late teens, the time of greatest criminality. Therefore, there are those who suggest that for violent and serious crimes, the laws of the regular criminal process ought to apply at a younger age. Obviously, we would not want to imprison a five-year-old, regardless of what act was perpetrated. But few would have problems with incarcerating a seventeen-year-old murderer, rapist, or mugger. It is this gray area in between where the lack of consensus exists. At what age do we draw the line?
Chapter Outline
Issue Background: The Growth and Decline of Crime
The Extent of Crime
Historical Crime Rate Fluctuations
Deterrence Strategy
Unintended Consequences (Spillover Effects)
Definition of Crime
Drop in Crime in the 1990s
White-Collar Crime
Enron
Political Crime
Victimless Crimes (Voluntary Moral Principle Violations)
Sexual Behavior
Organized Crime as Spill Over Effect
Street Crime
Rising Costs of Crime
Reported Crime
Increases in Reporting Independent of Rising Crime
Advancements in Technology
Insurance Benefits
Treatment of Victims
Reasons for Crime
Drugs
Drug Habits Related to Property Crime
Vietnam War and Drug Addiction
Demographic Change
Urbanization
Statistically Likelihood as a Percent of Total Population
Youth
Ethnicity
Family Structure
Ideology
Socioeconomic Causes
Issues in Equality: Protection and Government Response to Crime
Contemporary Policy: Constitutional Rights and the Deterrence of Crime
Procedural Safeguards
Bill of Rights
Due Process Clause
Broadened Interpretation of Existing Rights
Confessions and the Right to Counsel
Plea Bargaining
Miranda Rule
The Exclusionary Rule and Search and Seizure
Capital Punishment
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Deterrence and Retribution
Swift and Certain Versus Severity
Capital Punishment and the Law
Manner of Execution
De Facto Moratorium
Race
Gender
Furman v. Georgia
Policy Evaluation: Flaws in the Criminal Justice System
Confessions and the Right to Counsel
Miranda Impact and Evolution
The Exclusionary Rule and Search and Seizure
Capital Punishment
Debating Capital Punishment
Execution of Minors
Limits on the Death Penalty
Impact of DNA Evidence
Conclusion: Crime and Criminal Procedure
Rights are post arrest, however, it is unlikely that any given criminal act will ever lead to an arrest.
Bail and Trial Delay
Judicial System Overcrowding
Future Alternatives: Policy Options for Reducing Crime
Drug-Related Crimes
Attacking Supply
Attacking Demands
Substitution
Gangs and Weapons
Violence against Women
Rape
Sexual Harassment
Domestic Violence
Crimes of Violence and Gun Control
Guns and Violence
Gun Ownership Pervasiveness Rates
Murder
Suicide
Opposition to Gun Control
Regulation of Guns
Semi-Automatic Weapons and the Crime Bill of 1994
Debate over Gun Control
Decriminalization and Deterrence
Arraignment to Trial Lag Time
Victimless Case Load
A Controversial

Question 7

What is the purpose of the FBI's Uniform Crime Report?

A) To deter crime against property and people.
B) To encourage citizens to report crimes.
C) To explain, predict, and deter crimes that are committed on the streets, as well as in businesses.
D) To serve as an index to the number of crimes committed.

Question 8

White collar crime is not included in the crime index although it cost _____ times the value of property lost through street crime.

A) two
B) ten
C) three
D) five

Question 9

A substantial portion of the total court system case load derives from

A) "victimless" crimes.
B) "white collar" crimes.
C) political crimes.
D) the rising rate of homicide.

Question 10

James Q. Wilson persuasively argued that what is called crime in the streets has a more negative impact on America's sense of community. The reasons for this are

A) Downtown businesses fail to prosper because people don't feel safe in those areas
B) Fear of street crimes causes people stay home and eat more
C) Fear of street crime alters one lifestyle and patterns of interaction
D) A& C only
E) A, B, & C

Question 11

Murder rates in the U.S. are ___________ other modern democratic nations.

A) about the same as
B) slightly higher than
C) about twice as high as
D) about four times higher than

Question 12

The alcohol rate of usage by United States teens saw a slight increase in 2008 from its 2006 rate. T/F

Question 13

Confidence in the United States criminal justice system has declined for whites while remaining the same for African American since 2005? T/F

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true?

A) The crime rate rose sharply in the 1960s and 1970s, fluctuated in the 1980s, and declined during the 1990s.
B) The U.S. has one of the lowest murder rates in the democratic world.
C) Crimes such as armed robbery and rape increased substantially in the 1990s.
D) None of the above

Question 15

The number of actual crimes in the U.S.:

A) is shown by victimization surveys to be more than twice the rate of reported crimes
B) has not really increased over the years
C) is overstated by the Uniform Crime Reports
D) is accurately reflected by the Uniform Crime Reports

Question 16

The best available evidence suggests that the ease of obtaining firearms

A) is the best explanation of the overall crime problem
B) has no relation to the homicide rate
C) is our best guarantee against an oppressive government
D) increases the number killed in domestic quarrels and spontaneous arguments

Question 17

Those against legalizing drugs argue that legalization would lead to

A) an increase in the price of drugs
B) more turf wars among gangs selling drugs
C) drugs being more available resulting in new users
D) none of the above

Question 18

The development and maintenance of organized crime is a spillover effect of

A) many Americans having violated laws regulating sexual behaviors
B) the existence of moral legislation failing to prevent the conduct being banned
C) the growing secularization of our society
D) banning strongly desired behaviors for moral purposes.

Question 19

Which court decision gave defendants the right to a state-appointed attorney in felony cases?

A) Nix v. William
B) Mapp v. Ohio
C) Terry v. Ohio
D) Miranda v. Arizona
E) Gideon v. Wainwright

Question 20

The proportion of crime that is reported and recorded in the crime index increased because of:

A) Improved computing equipment and internet access
B) Improved treatment of rape victims and women police officers
C) More money for reporting crimes and America's Most Wanted television show
D) Accuracy and completeness of crime data and more property insured, requiring police reports

Question 21

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A) The socio-economic causes of crime focus on the background causes of crime such as income inequality.
B) White citizens are arrested in higher proportions than other citizens.
C) There is a culture of increasing violence among young males.
D) Guns make most crimes easier and more violent.

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT method suggested by proponents of drug legalization to reduce the harm of drugs?

A) needle exchange programs
B) methadone
C) proving safe injection rooms
D) decriminalizing possession of small amounts of drugs
E) producing weaker forms of illegal drugs

Question 23

In the United States, the primary responsibility for law enforcement has traditionally been reserved for state and local governments.

Question 24

The Crime Bill of 1994 included which of the following provisions?

A) registration of handguns
B) bans the domestic manufacture and sale of certain assault-style weapons
C) federal funding to hire additional local police
D) all of the above
E) (B) and (C) only

Question 25

Drugs are the number one cause of suicides in the United States.?

Question 26

Conservatives tend to attribute criminal behavior to _____________

A) Free personal choices
B) Poverty
C) Racism
D) Sociological circumstances

Question 27

The USA Patriot Act expanded the ability of law enforcement agencies to fight the "War on Terror." Their expanded powers include:

A) detention and deportation of illegal aliens
B) search of telephone and email communications
C) search of medical and financial records
D) all of the above

Question 28

The "Brady Law" requires which of the following?

A) a ban on all automatic weapons
B) background check before buying a gun
C) registration of all handguns
D) all of the above

Question 29

The case of MIRANDA v. ARIZONA was based upon the

A) 1st Amendment
B) 4th Amendment
C) 5th Amendment
D) 8th Amendment

Question 30

The ban on domestic manufacture and sale of certain assault-style weapons in the Crime Bill of 1994 was allowed by Congress to expire in 2004.?

Question 31

Capital Punishment:

A) can be supported on grounds of retribution.
B) has been demonstrated to deter homicide.
C) is immoral and, therefore, unconstitutional.
D) is applied fairly with regard to race.

Question 32

_________________ required that the police warn suspects of their right to silence.

A) Gregg v. Georgia
B) Mapp v. Ohio
C) Miranda v. Arizona
D) Gideon v. Wainwright

Question 33

The exclusionary rule had a major exception created by the Supreme Court decision in Nix v. Williams case. It held that

A) the guilty could not be released due to a technicality
B) illegally obtained evidence was admissible if it would have been discovered legally eventually
C) searches carried out in good faith were admissible even if the warrant was later found to be technically illegal
D) evidence staged by the police was admissable even if discovered later

Question 34

The term "recidivism" is

A) the rate of crime committed by first term offenders
B) the number of crimes committed in one year, in a particular area, by a particular group
C) concerned with using jail rather than capital punishment as a deterrent to crimes
D) the rate at which crime is committed by people who have been imprisoned for previous crimes

Question 35

The Supreme Court has affirmed that the death penalty serves two legitimate social purposes.

A) deterrence and retribution
B) punishment and safety
C) justice and fairness
D) truth and justice

Question 36

The Crime Bill of 1994 included which of the following provisions?

A) funding for recreational programs
B) bans the domestic manufacture and sale of certain assault-style weapons
C) federal funding to hire additional local police
D) all of the above
E) (B) and (C) only

Question 37

Racial profiling has been declared morally wrong and ineffective in reducing crime by the US Justice Department EXCEPT for?

A) the war on drugs
B) in the realm of National Security
C) fighting street gangs
D) identifying illegal immigrants

Question 38

The exclusionary rule:

A) may discourage future illegal entries and searches
B) only applies to the national government
C) has been used to free thousands of obviously guilty people
D) only protects the guilty and has no effect on stopping illegal searches

Question 39

The Supreme Court has held that capital punishment

A) is cruel and unusual punishment and unconstitutional
B) can only be used for murder cases
C) must be given automatically for certain types of crimes
D) may only be used when it is administered in a non-arbitrary way

Question 40

In our judicial system, the accused is presumed innocent until proven otherwise. They can only be punished by

A) rumor
B) emotional prejudice
C) the establishment of guilt
D) hearsay
E) none of the above

Question 41

There are a number of exceptions to the exclusionary rule which allow police to search places without probable cause or a search warrant. For example:

A) persons crossing at border checkpoints
B) cases of exigent circumstances
C) the entire house of the arrestee
D) b and c
E) a and b

Question 42

The overall percentage of regular drug usage for persons age 12 years and older has remained at ____ percent since 2002.

A) 25
B) 8
C) 8.3
D) <1

Question 43

Which of the following cases made it mandatory to read a suspect his or her rights before soliciting a confession?

A) Roe v. Wade
B) Gregg v. Georgia
C) Harris v. New York
D) Miranda v. Arizona

Question 44

Miranda v. Arizona

A) set down the right to counsel in felony trials
B) held that a suspect must be advised of his right to remain silent and that any incriminating evidence can be used in a court
C) is one of the Court's most popular decisions
D) established the exclusionary rule

Question 45

Incarceration rates in the United States are:

A) higher than in any other developed country.
B) lower than in any other developed country.
C) about the same as any other developed country.
D) higher among whites but lower among blacks than any other developed country.

Question 46

Gideon v. Wainwright involved

A) the exclusionary rule
B) the required warning to suspects of the right to silence
C) the right to counsel
D) capital punishment

Question 47

Factors such as the defendant's race, socioeconomic status, or gender have proven to be better predictors of whether the death penalty will be assigned.

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT true concerning plea bargaining?

A) Innocent people may be persuaded to "cop a plea"
B) The prosecution must satisfy the burden of proof for the more serious charge
C) It is necessitated by the overcrowded state of the criminal justice system
D) It allows many dangerous criminals to escape serious punishment

Question 49

Prisons in America have the following problem(s):

A) rapid growth and high cost
B) lack of rehabilitation
C) low recidivism rates
D) all of the above
E) (a) and (b) only

Question 50

If a criminal conviction is reversed on constitutional grounds, the defendant

A) is released and declared innocent.
B) may not be retried, because of double jeopardy protections.
C) must serve a portion of his/her original sentence.
D) may be retried consistent with the new ruling.

Question 51

____________ is a process by which a convicted inmate is released from prison before serving the full length of their sentence.

A) Parole
B) Probation
C) Recidivism
D) Mandatory sentencing
E) Rehabilitation

Question 52

Texas which has the highest rate of execution of all the states also has the lowest homicide rate.

Question 53

The right to counsel in all serious criminal cases was established in

A) Gregg v. Georgia
B) Mapp v. Ohio
C) Miranda v. Arizona
D) Gideon v. Wainwright

Question 54

Problems in the court system in the United States include:

A) high rates of plea bargaining
B) crowded dockets
C) sentencing variations
D) all of the above
E) (b) and (c) only

Question 55

Through which amendment in the U.S. Constitution has the Supreme Court incorporated many rights for persons accused of crime?

A) 5th Amendment
B) 8th Amendment
C) 13th Amendment
D) 14th Amendment

Question 56

The death penalty in the American context is both swift and certain. T/F

Question 57

The only other democratic industrialized nation to carry out executions besides the United States is

A) Great Britain
B) South Africa
C) Japan
D) Germany

Question 58

Problems in the court system in the United States include:

A) too many judges
B) crowded dockets
C) sentencing variations
D) all of the above
E) (b) and (c) only

Question 59

The Fourth Amendment protects

A) the right to bear arms
B) the right of the accused to a speedy trial
C) citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures
D) free speech
E) none of the above

Question 60

Contrary to expectations, death penalty states have higher mean homicide rates than non-death penalty states. T/F

Question 61

Among the following, the most significant factor in keeping people who commit felonies out of jail is:

A) the exclusionary rule
B) the Miranda rule
C) the fact so few of them are arrested
D) the abolition of capital punishment

Question 62

The Eighth Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishments, which constrains the manner of execution. Court approved forms of execution does NOT include:

A) Hanging
B) Lethal Injection
C) Crucifixion
D) Firing Squad