Question 1

Thorndike made important contributions to all of the following fields except .&#10;A)educational psychology&#10;B)animal learning&#10;C)social psychology&#10;D)psychological testing

Accepted Answer

Thorndike's major contributions were in the fields of educational psychology, animal learning, and psychological testing but not social psychology. Thorndike did not make significant contributions to social psychology, but he did make important contributions to educational psychology, animal learning, and psychological testing.

Question 2

E.L.Thorndike's studies of learning started as an attempt to understand .&#10;A)operant conditioning&#10;B)the psychic reflex&#10;C)animal intelligence&#10;D)maze learning

Accepted Answer

E.L. Thorndike's studies of learning started as an attempt to understand animal intelligence. He conducted experiments on cats to understand their ability to learn and formed the law of effect, which states that behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by negative consequences are less likely to be repeated. Thorndike's early studies focused on animal intelligence, specifically the ability of cats to escape puzzle boxes. He coined the term "trial and error learning" to describe the process by which cats learned to escape the box through repeated attempts and gradual improvement. This work laid the foundation for his later theories of learning and behavior, including the law of effect and the concept of operant conditioning. While Maze learning and the psychic reflex were areas of interest for Thorndike later in life, they were not the initial focus of his research.

Question 3

Pearl Mary's grandmother, Pearl, is from the Old Country.Although she knows some English, she continues to
Speak her native tongue.Pearl can't go anywhere without a member of the family because she can't
Communicate with people about prices, directions, bus routes, etc.
Mary decides to try to modify Pearl's behavior.She and the rest of the family refuse to respond to any comment or request by Pearl that they know she is capable of expressing in English.For example, if during dinner she says, "Pass the potatoes" in English, she gets potatoes; if she says it in her native language she gets ignored.
Refer to Pearl.When Mary planned her little experiment, she decided she wanted to be able to tell whether the procedure was working.Consequently, before beginning the procedure, Mary .

A)ignored all comments from her grandmother for a week before she began to apply the training procedure
B)asked her grandmother how she felt about speaking English
C)kept a record of the number of times her grandmother spoke English spontaneously
D)repeatedly criticized her grandmother for not speaking English

Accepted Answer

Mary wanted to be able to tell whether the procedure was working, so she kept a record of the number of times her grandmother spoke English spontaneously. This would allow her to track any changes in Pearl's behavior as a result of the modification technique. Ignoring all comments from her grandmother for a week before beginning the procedure or criticizing her for not speaking English would not provide useful data for evaluating the effectiveness of the procedure. Asking how Pearl felt about speaking English could potentially be helpful, but it would not directly measure whether the procedure was working.

Question 4

The training procedure Thorndike used in his famous experiments with cats is best described as .&#10;A)free operant&#10;B)discrete trial&#10;C)trial-and-error&#10;D)field research

Accepted Answer

The answer of The training procedure Thorndike used in his...

Question 5

An action that improves the effectiveness of a reinforcer is called a .&#10;A)motivating operation&#10;B)reward booster&#10;C)contrived reinforcer&#10;D)activator

Accepted Answer

A motivating operation is an action or event that temporarily alters the effectiveness of a reinforcer. This can include deprivation (making a person or animal more motivated to receive a specific reinforcement) or satiation (making a person or animal less motivated to receive a specific reinforcement). By manipulating these motivating operations, the effectiveness of a reinforcer can be improved. The other answer options are not accurate terms commonly used in behavioral psychology. A motivating operation is an environmental variable or event that alters the effectiveness of a reinforcer. It can either increase or decrease the reinforcing value of a particular consequence. Therefore, an action that improves the effectiveness of a reinforcer is called a motivating operation. The other options, reward booster, contrived reinforcer, and activator, are not commonly used terms in behavior analysis and do not accurately describe the concept being asked for in the question.

Question 6

Skinner describes some of his most important research in .&#10;A)Verbal Behavior&#10;B)The Behavior of Organisms&#10;C)Particulars of My Life&#10;D)Animal Intelligence

Accepted Answer

Skinner describes his most important research in "The Behavior of Organisms," which was his first book published in 1938. The book detailed his experiments with rats and pigeons and introduced his theory of operant conditioning. While Skinner also wrote extensively on verbal behavior, he considered "The Behavior of Organisms" to be his most important work. "Particulars of My Life" is Skinner's autobiography, and "Animal Intelligence" is a book by Edward Thorndike. Skinner's most important research is described in his book "The Behavior of Organisms," which laid the foundation for behaviorism and described his experiments with operant conditioning. The other options may have been topics that Skinner wrote about, but they were not as central to his research and theories as "The Behavior of Organisms."

Question 7

Pearl Mary's grandmother, Pearl, is from the Old Country.Although she knows some English, she continues to
Speak her native tongue.Pearl can't go anywhere without a member of the family because she can't
Communicate with people about prices, directions, bus routes, etc.
Mary decides to try to modify Pearl's behavior.She and the rest of the family refuse to respond to any comment or request by Pearl that they know she is capable of expressing in English.For example, if during dinner she says, "Pass the potatoes" in English, she gets potatoes; if she says it in her native language she gets ignored.
Refer to Pearl.The procedure being used to change Pearl's behavior is .

A)positive reinforcement
B)negative reinforcement
C)adventitious reinforcement
D)punishment

Accepted Answer

The answer of Pearl Mary's grandmother, Pearl, is from the...

Question 8

All of the following are useful tips for shaping behavior except .&#10;A)reinforce small steps&#10;B)reinforce immediately&#10;C)provide small reinforcers&#10;D)never back up

Accepted Answer

"Never back up" is not a useful tip for shaping behavior. In fact, sometimes backing up or adjusting reinforcement schedules can be useful in maintaining or increasing behavior. Therefore, this choice is the exception among the provided options. Option D, "never back up," is not a useful tip for shaping behavior. In fact, it is often necessary to backtrack or adjust the reinforcement schedule when attempting to shape behavior, especially if progress is stalled or the behavior is not improving as quickly as desired. Therefore, this is not a useful tip for shaping behavior.

Question 9

The free operant procedure is most associated with .&#10;A)Skinner&#10;B)Thorndike&#10;C)Pavlov&#10;D)Watson

Accepted Answer

The free operant procedure was developed and used extensively by B.F. Skinner in his research on operant conditioning. It involves allowing the subject to freely engage in a behavior without any prompts or actions from the experimenter, and then measuring the rate and frequency of that behavior. This procedure has been used to study a wide range of behaviors in animals and humans, and has been instrumental in advancing our understanding of operant conditioning and behavior modification.

Question 10

The level of deprivation is less important when the reinforcer used is a/an reinforcer.&#10;A)primary&#10;B)secondary&#10;C)unexpected&#10;D)intrinsic

Accepted Answer

When using a secondary reinforcer, the level of deprivation is less important because it is not a basic need or necessity like a primary reinforcer (such as food, water, or sleep). Secondary reinforcers are learned associations between a neutral stimulus and a primary reinforcer, making their effectiveness less dependent on levels of deprivation. Unexpected and intrinsic reinforcers are not relevant to the concept of deprivation.

Question 11

Sylvia believes that the reinforcement properties of an event depend on the extent to which it provides access to high probability behavior.Sylvia is most likely an advocate of theory.&#10;A)drive-reduction&#10;B)relative value&#10;C)response deprivation&#10;D)random guess

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sylvia believes that the reinforcement properties of...

Question 12

Charles Catania identified three characteristics that define reinforcement.These include all of the following except .&#10;A)a behavior must have a consequence&#10;B)the consequence of the behavior must be positive&#10;C)a behavior must increase in strength&#10;D)the increase in strength must be the result of the behavior's consequence

Accepted Answer

The answer of Charles Catania identified three characteristics that define...

Question 13

The one thing that all reinforcers have in common is that they .&#10;A)strengthen behavior&#10;B)are positive&#10;C)feel good&#10;D)provide feedback

Accepted Answer

The answer of The one thing that all reinforcers have...

Question 14

In one of Thorndike's puzzle boxes, a door would fall open when a cat stepped on a treadle, thus allowing the cat to reach food outside the box.Eventually the cat would step on the treadle as soon as it was put into the box.Thorndike concluded that .

A)the reasoning ability of cats is quite remarkable
B)treadle stepping increased because it had a "satisfying effect"
C)the treadle is a CS for stepping
D)learning meant connecting the treadle with freedom and food

Accepted Answer

The answer of In one of Thorndike's puzzle boxes, a...

Question 15

The law of effect says that .&#10;A)satisfying consequences are more powerful than annoying consequences&#10;B)behavior is a function of its consequences&#10;C)how an organism perceives events is more important than the events themselves&#10;D)effective behavior drives out ineffective behavior

Accepted Answer

The answer of The law of effect says that .&#10;A)satisfying...

Question 16

Studies of delayed reinforcement document the importance of .&#10;A)contiguity&#10;B)contingency&#10;C)inter-trial interval&#10;D)deprivation level

Accepted Answer

The answer of Studies of delayed reinforcement document the importance...

Question 17

According to the one-process theory of avoidance, the avoidance response is reinforced by .&#10;A)escape from the CS&#10;B)a reduction in the number of aversive events&#10;C)positive reinforcers that follow aversive events&#10;D)non-contingent aversives

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the one-process theory of avoidance,...

Question 18

Pearl Mary's grandmother, Pearl, is from the Old Country.Although she knows some English, she continues to
Speak her native tongue.Pearl can't go anywhere without a member of the family because she can't
Communicate with people about prices, directions, bus routes, etc.
Mary decides to try to modify Pearl's behavior.She and the rest of the family refuse to respond to any comment or request by Pearl that they know she is capable of expressing in English.For example, if during dinner she says, "Pass the potatoes" in English, she gets potatoes; if she says it in her native language she gets ignored.
Refer to Pearl.Pearl's resistance to learning English is most likely the result of .

A)a lack of intelligence
B)age.Studies show that after the age of 60 learning a second language is nearly impossible.
C)the length of time she has spent speaking her native language
D)the benefits she receives for not speaking English

Accepted Answer

The answer of Pearl Mary's grandmother, Pearl, is from the...

Question 19

Operant learning may also be referred to as .&#10;A)trial-and-error learning&#10;B)effects learning&#10;C)non-Pavlovian conditioning&#10;D)instrumental learning

Accepted Answer

The answer of Operant learning may also be referred to...

Question 20

The author of your text calls Skinner the .&#10;A)Newton of psychology&#10;B)Thorndike of free operant work&#10;C)discoverer of reinforcement&#10;D)Darwin of behavior science

Accepted Answer

The answer of The author of your text calls Skinner...

Question 21

Positive reinforcement is sometimes called .&#10;A)escape training&#10;B)positive training&#10;C)satisfier training&#10;D)reward learning

Accepted Answer

The answer of Positive reinforcement is sometimes called .&#10;A)escape training&#10;B)positive...

Question 22

Alan Neuringer demonstrated that with reinforcement, could learn to behave randomly.&#10;A)preschoolers&#10;B)cats&#10;C)rats&#10;D)pigeons

Accepted Answer

The answer of Alan Neuringer demonstrated that with reinforcement, could...

Question 23

The number of operant procedures indicated in the contingency square is .&#10;A)two&#10;B)four&#10;C)six&#10;D)nine

Accepted Answer

The answer of The number of operant procedures indicated in...

Question 24

The Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert may have involved operant as well as Pavlovian learning because the loud noise .&#10;A)occurred as Albert reached for the rat&#10;B)occurred while Albert was eating&#10;C)did not bother Albert initially&#10;D)was aversive

Accepted Answer

The answer of The Watson and Rayner experiment with Little...

Question 25

Schlinger and Blakely found that the reinforcing power of a delayed reinforcer could be increased by .&#10;A)increasing the size of the reinforcer&#10;B)preceding the reinforcer with a stimulus&#10;C)providing a different kind of reinforcer&#10;D)following the reinforcer with a stimulus

Accepted Answer

The answer of Schlinger and Blakely found that the reinforcing...

Question 26

Thorndike complained that evidence provided a &#34;supernormal psychology of animals.&#34;&#10;A)anecdotal&#10;B)case study&#10;C)informal experimental&#10;D)intuitive

Accepted Answer

The answer of Thorndike complained that evidence provided a &#34;supernormal...

Question 27

The distinctive characteristic of the Sidman avoidance procedure is that .&#10;A)the aversive event is signaled&#10;B)the aversive is not signaled&#10;C)the aversive event is signaled twice&#10;D)there is no aversive event

Accepted Answer

The answer of The distinctive characteristic of the Sidman avoidance...

Question 28

Williams found that the greater the number of reinforcements before extinction, the .&#10;A)greater the number of responses during extinction&#10;B)faster the rate of extinction&#10;C)stronger the response during extinction&#10;D)greater the frustration during extinction

Accepted Answer

The answer of Williams found that the greater the number...

Question 29

Thorndike plotted the results of his puzzle box experiments as graphs.The resulting curves show a/an with succeeding trials.&#10;A)decrease in time&#10;B)decrease in errors&#10;C)change in topography&#10;D)increase in the rate of behavior

Accepted Answer

The answer of Thorndike plotted the results of his puzzle...

Question 30

The Premack principle says that reinforcement involves .&#10;A)a reduction in drive&#10;B)an increase in the potency of a behavior&#10;C)a relation between behaviors&#10;D)a satisfying state of affairs

Accepted Answer

The answer of The Premack principle says that reinforcement involves...

Question 31

Skinner trained Plyny to perform a behavior chain, Plyny was a .&#10;A)rat&#10;B)pigeon&#10;C)dog&#10;D)philosophy student

Accepted Answer

The answer of Skinner trained Plyny to perform a behavior...

Question 32

Negative reinforcement is also called .&#10;A)punishment&#10;B)aversive training&#10;C)escape-avoidance training&#10;D)reward training

Accepted Answer

The answer of Negative reinforcement is also called .&#10;A)punishment&#10;B)aversive training&#10;C)escape-avoidance...

Question 33

The opposite of a conditioned reinforcer is a .&#10;A)tertiary reinforcer&#10;B)secondary reinforcer&#10;C)primary reinforcer&#10;D)generalized reinforcer

Accepted Answer

The answer of The opposite of a conditioned reinforcer is...

Question 34

Premack's name is most logically associated with .&#10;A)drive reduction theory&#10;B)relative value theory&#10;C)response deprivation theory&#10;D)equilibrium theory

Accepted Answer

The answer of Premack's name is most logically associated with...

Question 35

Donald Zimmerman found that a buzzer became a positive reinforcer after it was repeatedly paired with .&#10;A)food&#10;B)water&#10;C)escape from shock&#10;D)morphine

Accepted Answer

The answer of Donald Zimmerman found that a buzzer became...

Question 36

All of the following are recognized kinds of reinforcers except .&#10;A)primary&#10;B)contrived&#10;C)secondary&#10;D)classical

Accepted Answer

The answer of All of the following are recognized kinds...

Question 37

Shaping is the reinforcement of successive .&#10;A)responses&#10;B)elements of a chain&#10;C)approximations of a desired behavior&#10;D)increases in the intensity or topography of a behavior

Accepted Answer

The answer of Shaping is the reinforcement of successive .&#10;A)responses&#10;B)elements...

Question 38

The three-term contingency is often represented by the letters .&#10;A)S-O-R&#10;B)S-R-B&#10;C)ABC&#10;D)BOC

Accepted Answer

The answer of The three-term contingency is often represented by...

Question 39

The reappearance of previously effective behavior during extinction is called .&#10;A)spontaneous recovery&#10;B)recovery&#10;C)resurgence&#10;D)fulfillment

Accepted Answer

The answer of The reappearance of previously effective behavior during...

Question 40

The first step in building a behavior chain is to do a/an .&#10;A)response analysis&#10;B)task analysis&#10;C)elemental analysis&#10;D)factor analysis

Accepted Answer

The answer of The first step in building a behavior...

Question 41

demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the brain could be reinforcing.&#10;A)Olds and Milner&#10;B)Skinner&#10;C)Barnes and Noble&#10;D)Hull

Accepted Answer

The answer of demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the brain...

Question 42

Secondary reinforcers are also called reinforcers.&#10;A)transient&#10;B)conditioned&#10;C)second-order&#10;D)acquired

Accepted Answer

The answer of Secondary reinforcers are also called reinforcers.&#10;A)transient&#10;B)conditioned&#10;C)second-order&#10;D)acquired...

Question 43

Money is a good example of a reinforcer.&#10;A)primary&#10;B)tertiary&#10;C)generalized&#10;D)transient

Accepted Answer

The answer of Money is a good example of a...

Question 44

Negative reinforcement increases the strength of a behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Negative reinforcement increases the strength of a...

Question 45

Positive reinforcement increases the strength of a behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Positive reinforcement increases the strength of a...

Question 46

Studies demonstrate that operant learning is as effective with involuntary behavior, such as the salivary reflex, as it is with voluntary behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Studies demonstrate that operant learning is as...

Question 47

A general assumption of behavioral research is that any feature of a behavior may be strengthened by reinforcement, so long as reinforcement can be made contingent on that feature.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A general assumption of behavioral research is...

Question 48

gave Skinner's experimental chamber the name, &#34;Skinner box.&#34;&#10;A)Fred Keller&#10;B)&#10;E)L.Thorndike&#10;C)John Watson&#10;D)Clark Hull

Accepted Answer

The answer of gave Skinner's experimental chamber the name, &#34;Skinner...

Question 49

Operant learning is sometimes called learning.&#10;A)free&#10;B)higher-order&#10;C)instrumental&#10;D)reward

Accepted Answer

The answer of Operant learning is sometimes called learning.&#10;A)free&#10;B)higher-order&#10;C)instrumental&#10;D)reward...

Question 50

Thorndike's 1898 dissertation describes experiments with cats, chicks, and .&#10;A)mice&#10;B)rats&#10;C)monkeys&#10;D)dogs

Accepted Answer

The answer of Thorndike's 1898 dissertation describes experiments with cats,...

Question 51

Cark Hull's explanation of reinforcement assumes that reinforcers .&#10;A)stimulate the brain&#10;B)reduce a drive&#10;C)activate neurotransmitters&#10;D)leave a neural trace

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cark Hull's explanation of reinforcement assumes that...

Question 52

Thorndike emphasized that we learn mainly from .&#10;A)errors&#10;B)repeated trials&#10;C)success&#10;D)social experiences

Accepted Answer

The answer of Thorndike emphasized that we learn mainly from...

Question 53

is a neurotransmitter that seems to be important in reinforcement.&#10;A)Dopamine&#10;B)Stupamine&#10;C)Intelamine&#10;D)Actomine

Accepted Answer

The answer of is a neurotransmitter that seems to be...

Question 54

According to theory, schoolchildren are eager to go to recess because they have been deprived of the opportunity to exercise.&#10;A)drive-reduction&#10;B)relative value&#10;C)response deprivation&#10;D)stimulus substitution

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to theory, schoolchildren are eager to...

Question 55

Often the initial effect of an extinction procedure is an increase in the behavior called a/an extinction .&#10;A)rebound&#10;B)resurgence&#10;C)burst&#10;D)flyer

Accepted Answer

The answer of Often the initial effect of an extinction...

Question 56

Resurgence may help account for .&#10;A)PMS&#10;B)rationalization&#10;C)regression&#10;D)reaction formation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Resurgence may help account for .&#10;A)PMS&#10;B)rationalization&#10;C)regression&#10;D)reaction formation...

Question 57

Operant learning probably always involves Pavlovian conditioning as well.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Operant learning probably always involves Pavlovian conditioning...

Question 58

Operant learning sometimes occurs without any sign of awareness of the relation between behavior and its consequence.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Operant learning sometimes occurs without any sign...

Question 59

Backward chaining begins with the reinforcement of the last behavior in the chain.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Backward chaining begins with the reinforcement of...

Question 60

Extinction often increases the frequency of emotional behavior.&#10;True False

Accepted Answer

The answer of Extinction often increases the frequency of emotional...

Question 61

According to Skinner, people are rewarded, but behavior is reinforced.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Skinner, people are rewarded, but...

Question 62

Unexpected reinforcers produce more dopamine than expected reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Unexpected reinforcers produce more dopamine than expected...

Question 63

Another term for operant is instrumental.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Another term for operant is instrumental....

Question 64

Efforts to reinforce the contraction of individual muscle fibers have failed.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Efforts to reinforce the contraction of individual...

Deck 5: Reinforcement