Deck 27: The Integration of Metabolism

Question 1

What type of tissue stores the bulk (by total mass) of the body's glycogen?

A) liver
B) heart
C) brain
D) pancreas
E) muscle

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are usually _________________ regulated.

Answer 2

reciprocally

Question 3

In addition to fatty acids, what molecule is needed by adipose tissue to synthesize triacylglycerols?

A) acetyl CoA
B) alanine
C) $\beta$ -hydroxybutyrate
D) glucose
E) None of the answers is correct.

Answer 3

glucose

Question 4

What hormone, released by adipose tissue, generates a sense of satiation and inhibits the appetite?

A) leptin
B) cholecystokinin
C) neuropeptide Y
D) insulin
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 5

Except under rare conditions, what organ is almost exclusively reliant on glucose for energy?

A) brain
B) liver
C) small intestine
D) heart
E) kidney

Question 6

What is the major metabolic fuel for the brain after several days of starvation?

A) fatty acids
B) lactate
C) amino acids
D) ketone bodies
E) glycogen

Question 7

The primary target organ of glucagon is the ___________________.

Question 8

The "fed state" leads to the release of the hormone ____________________.

Question 9

What hormone stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis?

A) leptin
B) cholecystokinin
C) glucagon
D) insulin
E) ghrelin

Question 10

What fuel is used exclusively by muscles following a day of starvation?

A) glycogen
B) fatty acids
C) alanine
D) glucose
E) $\beta$ -hydroxybutyrate

Question 11

Which organ is considered to be the metabolic "hub" of the body?

A) brain
B) small intestine
C) liver
D) pancreas
E) adipose tissue

Question 12

The microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) consumes oxygen and ______________, which leads to oxidative stress partly due to the inability to regenerate glutathione.

Question 13

Obesity is defined as a BMI of greater than________________________.

Question 14

When running a marathon, fuel sources from ___________________, muscle, and adipose are used.

Question 15

The dehydrogenase metabolism of ethanol leads to an excess production of ________________ in addition to acetyl CoA.

Question 16

____________________ results when insulin is absent due to autoimmune destruction of the β cells of the pancreas.

Question 17

When levels of ketone bodies are high, the _________________ can no longer maintain acid-base balance in the blood.

Question 18

What metabolite, produced by adipose tissue, can only be metabolized in the liver?

A) $\beta$ -hydroxybutyrate
B) arachidonic acid
C) acetone
D) cholesterol
E) glycerol

Question 19

ATP production from ___________________ is essential for long-distance running.

Question 20

What hormone, released by the small intestine, generates a sense of satiation and inhibits appetite?

A) leptin
B) cholecystokinin
C) glucagon
D) insulin
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 21

Which of the following metabolic conversions provides the maximum rate of ATP production (mmol sec^-1) for muscle contraction?

A) muscle glycogen to CO₂
B) muscle glycogen to lactate
C) creatine phosphate and ADP to ATP and creatine
D) fatty acid to CO₂
E) liver glycogen to CO₂

Question 22

What is the advantage of converting pyruvate to lactate in skeletal muscle?

Question 23

GLP-1 triggers which of the following in the brain?

A) decreased satiety
D) All of the answers are correct.
B) decreased food intake
E) decreased food intake and decreased body weight
C) decreased body weight

Question 24

In a typical human male, which of the following most closely approximates the energy content (in kcal) of triacylglycerols stored in adipose tissue?

A) 13,500 kcal
D) 13,500 cal
B) 135,000 kcal
E) None of the answers is correct.
C) 1,350,000 kcal

Question 25

Health consequences of obesity may include

A) coronary heart disease.
D) type II diabetes.
B) hypertension.
E) All the answers are correct.
C) stroke.

Question 26

Which of the following is the primary fuel used by the brain during starvation?

A) ketone bodies
D) branched chain amino acids
B) glucose derived from glycogen
E) fatty acids
C) amino acids

Question 27

Excess alcohol consumption can lead to Wernicke-Korsaff syndrome due to the lack of the vitamin thiamine. Which of the following metabolic conversions CANNOT occur in the absence of thiamine?

A) pyruvate + CO₂ $\rightarrow$ oxaloacetate
B) pyruvate $\rightarrow$ acetyl-CoA + CO₂
C) $\alpha$ -ketoglutarate $\rightarrow$ succinyl-CoA + CO₂
D) phosphoenolpyruvate + CO₂ $\rightarrow$ oxaloacetate
E) B and C are correct.

Question 28

The primary function of aerobic glycolysis is to

A) degrade glucose to provide ATP.
B) provide carbon skeletons for biosynthesis.
C) provide NADH for lactate reduction.
D) provide NADPH for biosynthetic reactions
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 29

What is the primary source of energy used by the muscle during starvation?

A) glucose
D) ketone bodies
B) lactate
E) branched-chain amino acids
C) fatty acids

Question 30

Which of the following occurs in the pancreatic β cell when blood glucose levels increase?

A) Insulin is secreted by receptor-mediated endocytosis.
B) Intracellular ATP/ADP levels increase.
C) K⁺ channels open, altering the membrane potential.
D) Ca²⁺ channels close.
E) All of the above occur.

Question 31

The First Law of Thermodynamics translated into dietary terms can be stated as

A) energy expended = energy consumed + energy stored.
B) potential energy = energy consumed + energy expended.
C) energy consumed = energy expended + energy stored.
D) kinetic energy = energy consumed + energy stored.

Question 32

Show how the metabolism of the liver and skeletal muscle is interconnected by blood glucose and alanine during strenuous exercise.

Question 33

Insulin signals the ______ state, and glucagon signals the _______ state.

A) fed; starved
D) maintenance; fed
B) starved; fed
E) starved; maintenance
C) fed; maintenance

Question 34

What are the three primary sources of glucose 6-phosphate in liver cells?

Question 35

What are the two factors that have led to a propensity to gain weight in humans, and how can they be negated?

Question 36

Maintenance of a constant blood-glucose level is called

A) glucose tolerance.
D) cholecystokinin.
B) glucose adjustment.
E) None of the answers is correct.
C) glucose homeostasis.

Question 37

What are the fuels used in a long distance run?

A) creatine phosphate
B) liver glycogen
C) muscle glycogen
D) fatty acids
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 38

The ___________ is/are an important source of metabolites for gluconeogenesis during starvation.

A) kidney
B) brain
C) intestine
D) muscle
E) red blood cells

Question 39

Identify and describe the two signals from the gastrointestinal tract that induce feelings of satiety.

Question 40

What is the key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis?

A) phosphofructokinase
D) triose phosphate isomerase
B) glucokinase
E) None of the answers is correct.
C) hexokinase

Question 41

What are some of the primary metabolic fates of acetyl CoA in animals?

Question 42

What metabolic changes occur during the early fasting state?

Question 43

What is the major fuel for resting muscle, and what it the major fuel for muscle under strenuous work conditions?

Question 44

Describe the stages of ethanol consumption that affect liver damage and lead to death.

Question 45

Describe how low glucose levels can decrease triacylglycerol synthesis in adipose tissue.

Question 46

What is the cause of type 1 diabetes?

Question 47

What are the plasma concentrations of glucose in the normal fasting and starvation states?

Question 48

Explain what is meant by the term the starved-fed cycle. What are the stages?

Question 49

What are the two hypotheses supporting low-carbohydrate-high-protein diets as an effective weight losing strategy?

Question 50

How do SOCS (suppressors of cytokine signaling) proteins inhibit receptor signaling? Give one example.