Deck 8: Memory Development

Question 1

Which of the following would not be considered a factor influencing suggestibility in children?

A) social factors, such as a desire to comply with adult requests
B) children are more likely to comply with the suggestion of a high-status versus a low-status person
C) it does not matter to children regarding the social status of an individual
D) the number of times an event is experienced

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Research shows that we are more likely to remember events from early childhood that are:

A) enhanced by emotion as well as those more chronologically, thematically and contextually coherent.
B) easily explained by nonsensical attributes from the brain.
C) made up compared to true real life events.
D) Research indicates we cannot recall childhood events unless we undergo hypnosis.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Lindberg and colleagues (1991, 2000) have suggested three major categories of factors that we should consider in evaluating children's eyewitness memory and suggestibility. What are the three major categories?

A) memory processes, vulnerability to stranger anxiety, and truthfulness
B) semantic memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
C) memory biases, learning biases, and memory processes
D) memory processes, the focus of the study, and participant factors

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Explain in detail the concept of prospective memory and provide some examples of this type of memory which we engage in every day.

Question 5

Autobiographical memories refer to long-lasting memories of the historical figures we learned about in history and are the basis for one's personal life history.

Question 6

Which of the following is not true of episodic memory?

A) it is literally memory for episodes
B) it can be unconsciously retrieved
C) it can be consciously retrieved
D) sometimes called explicit memory

Question 7

Which of the following is not considered to be one of the first four guidelines regarding the sequence of phases recommended by the NICHD guidelines and protocol?

A) introduction of parties and their roles
B) the "truth and lie ceremony" (warning the child of the necessity to tell the truth)
C) rapport building
D) description of any event in the child's life not including the abuse event

Question 8

Younger children are often more susceptible to the effects of misinformation and suggestion than older children are because:

A) innately that is the way younger children are.
B) verbatim traces deteriorate rapidly, they may not be amiable when post event information is provided or when suggestive questions are asked.
C) older children really don't care if something happens to them or if they get others in trouble.
D) younger children are still dealing with stranger anxiety and will just tell anyone what they want to hear.

Question 9

In an extensive review of the early literature, Ceci and Bruck (1993) concluded that there appear to be significant age differences in suggestibility, with

A) preschool children being disproportionately more vulnerable to suggestion than either school-age children or adults.
B) preschool children not being disproportionately more vulnerable to suggestion than adults.
C) school-age children are more vulnerable to suggestion due to their ability to lie.
D) school-age children and adults are more vulnerable that the innocence of preschool children.

Question 10

People with damage to the hippocampus can acquire a new skill as a result of repeated practice, but they will have no awareness of every learning such skills.

Question 11

Source monitoring refers to being aware of the source of information one knows or remembers. Research has shown that preschool and early school-age children often have difficulty monitoring the source of their memories.

Question 12

Which of the following is not true of nondeclarative memory?

A) refers to knowledge of procedures that are unconscious
B) sometimes called implicit memory
C) can be assessed only indirectly
D) refers to knowledge of procedures that are conscious

Question 13

Part of the hippocampus called the dentate gyrus plays an important role in episodic memory, continues to develop after birth and into adulthood.

Question 14

Young children's spontaneous recall is typically sparse, but it also tends to be accurate and about psychologically and legally central aspects of an event.

Question 15

Part of the hippocampus called the dentate gyrus includes at birth about 90% of the number of cells that it will have in adulthood, meaning that about 10% of the neurons in this layer will be generated after birth.

Question 16

Tulving (1987, 2005) proposed that information in long-term memory can be represented in one of two general ways which are:

A) declarative memory and nondeclarative memory.
B) substantial memory and nonsubstantial memory.
C) long-term memory validation techniques and long-term substantive techniques.
D) adherence to multi-component tasks and ability to understand one item at a time.

Question 17

Implicit memory is memory without awareness and it is not limited to preverbal infants and toddlers but occurs also in older children and adults.

Question 18

The most influential work demonstrating memory in infants using the preference-for-novelty paradigm is that of Joseph Fagan (1973, 1974) in which he showed that 5- and 6-month-old babies formed visual memories following brief exposures (5 to 10 s) and that these memories lasted as long as:

A) 3 days
B) 2 weeks
C) 1 week
D) memories were never incorporated

Question 19

Newcombe and colleagues (2000) suggest that we may retain much in the way of implicit memories from infancy that can affect our behavior much later in life.

Question 20

Various research findings suggest that implicit memory is an early developing ability. Performance on implicit memory tasks is associated with which of the following brain parts?

A) hippocampus, basal ganglia, outer cortex, amygdala
B) basal ganglia, neocortex, striatum and cerebellum
C) basal ganglia, pituitary gland, cerebellum and hippocampus
D) hippocampus, striatum, thalamus, parietal lobe

Question 21

Explain the concept of deferred imitation and its use to assess infants' long-term memory.

Question 22

Discuss in detail Spence's research which has shown that even 1-month-old infants demonstrate relatively long-lived memories.

Question 23

Provide examples of the infamous case of H.M. and damage to the hippocampus as initially reported by Milner (1964).

Question 24

Discuss in detail the research done by Ceci and colleagues (1994) where by children were interviewed throughout an 11-week period about events that might have happened to them.

Question 25

Explain in detail when and how children remember the experiences of their everyday lives and how are these memories organized? Also include how long do they last and how is it that children acquire them?

Question 26

Discuss in detail the habituation/dishabituation paradigm of infant memory.