Deck 10: Interpersonal Relationships

Question 1

Which of the following ways the social network composition differ by race and ethnicity?

A) White people have larger social networks than people of color.
B) Extended family plays a larger role in the social networks of Latino Americans than White Americans.
C) The social networks of people of color contain more nonrelative friends than the networks of White people.
D) The social networks of White Americans provide more social support than the networks of people of color.

Answer 1

Extended family plays a larger role in the social networks of Latino Americans than White Americans.

Question 2

Cross-cultural universality of sex differences in mate preferences supports which theoretical approach?

A) evolutionary
B) socio-cultural
C) homosocial
D) biobehavioral

Answer 2

evolutionary

Question 3

Women are more likely than men to report initiating cross-sex friendships for what reason?

A) the hope that the relationship will become sexual
B) physical safety
C) relationship advice
D) interest in stereotypically masculine activities

Answer 3

physical safety

Question 4

Straight women rate dating advice from which group as the most trustworthy?

A) straight women
B) lesbian women
C) gay men
D) straight men

Question 5

When selecting mates, women report ______ as more important than men do, while men report _______ as more important than women do.

A) intelligence; sense of humor
B) ambition; good looks
C) financial stability; emotional stability
D) social ability; education

Question 6

Women's same-sex friendships involve higher levels of ______, while men's same-sex friendships tend to involve higher levels of ______.

A) social support, shared activities
B) shared activities; social support
C) shared emotions; personal disclosure
D) discussions of non-personal topics; shared activities

Question 7

Each of the following represents a sex difference in social networks EXCEPT ______.

A) Women spend more time with their social networks than men
B) Women view their networks as more emotionally available to them than men
C) By adolescence, sex differences in network size tend to disappear
D) Men offer more responsive and attentive support to network members than women

Question 8

______ and ______ have been shown to explain some of the sex differences in friendship intimacy (e.g., same-sex closeness).

A) Emotional restraint; homophobia
B) Masculinity threats; sex hormones
C) Perceived weakness; cognitive dissonance
D) Pluralistic ignorance; self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 9

Black women are more likely than White women to say that they would marry someone who ______.

A) is unattractive
B) is unintelligent
C) is jobless
D) is emotionally unstable

Question 10

Men are more likely than women to report initiating cross-sex friendships for what reason?

A) the hope that the relationship will become sexual
B) physical safety
C) relationship advice
D) interest in stereotypically feminine activities

Question 11

According to the homosocial perspective, which of the following would be more typical of same-sex friendships among women than among men?

A) participation in competitive activities
B) hierarchically organized friend groups
C) large groups of friends participating in shared activities
D) small friend groups with high levels of self-disclosure

Question 12

What relationship does the size of one's social network share with one's health?

A) Having a larger social network predicts better mental health but not physical health.
B) Larger social networks are associated with increased anxiety.
C) People with larger social networks live longer on average.
D) The association between social networks and longevity does not exist after controlling for health behaviors.

Question 13

Sexual minorities often develop chosen families, which are ______.

A) friendships that are more likely to result in sexual intimacy
B) friend circles who understand the unique challenges of being LGBT
C) groups of friends who provide more social expertise than biological families
D) social groups that have more social influence than biological families

Question 14

Having frequent, affectively positive interactions with a small number of other people helps satisfy what psychological need?

A) achievement needs
B) creativity needs
C) need to identify
D) need to belong

Question 15

The ______ perspective view sex differences in mate preferences are the product of social roles and labor divisions.

A) evolutionary
B) socio-cultural
C) homosocial
D) biobehavioral

Question 16

Finkel's 2008 study revealed what kind of correspondence between people's self-reported mate preferences and their actual behavior during speed dating?

A) the same sex differences emerged in both self-report and the speed dating
B) only sex differences in preferred sexual attractiveness emerged in both self-report and speed dating
C) sex differences in mate preference observed in self-report disappeared in speed dating
D) sex differences in mate preference were exaggerated during speed dating

Question 17

The ______ perspective argues that men's and women's friendships both allow for intimacy, but via different social dynamics.

A) socio-masculine
B) evolutionary
C) precarious manhood
D) homosocial

Question 18

Lisa Diamond's research reveals that sexual minority women are especially likely to form what kind of friendships with one another?

A) exchange friendships
B) passionate friendships
C) protective friendships
D) competitive friendships

Question 19

Partner homogamy refers to the strong, cross-cultural tendency for people to bond and mate with people who ______.

A) balance out our own personality traits
B) are similar to us on a wide number of variables
C) provide honest feedback
D) have access to more resources than ourselves

Question 20

In which of the following contexts do sex differences in preferring physically attractive mates not emerge?

A) in collectivist cultures
B) in in Western cultures
C) when considering long-term relationships
D) when considering short-term relationships

Question 21

Which of the following is inconsistent with typical divisions of labor in relationships in the West?

A) Couples who share domestic labor equally report the highest relationship satisfaction.
B) Childless married heterosexual couples have the most egalitarian labor divisions.
C) Wives log more hours into housework and childcare than husbands in many heterosexual couples, even when they hold jobs.
D) Couples who pay someone else to clean for them tend to have the most egalitarian labor divisions.

Question 22

Most marriages throughout human history have been ______.

A) romantically motivated
B) arranged by third parties
C) chosen by the man
D) autonomous

Question 23

Which of the following is TRUE of sex differences in love and romance?

A) Evidence is mixed and likely indicative of greater similarity and difference between men and women.
B) Men rate themselves higher than women on traits related to emotional investment.
C) Women consistently report falling in love more than men.
D) College age women and men prefer different types of "love acts."

Question 24

Stereotyped, cognitive representations of the sequence of events and behaviors that occur during dates are called ______.

A) dating schemas
B) paternalistic chivalry
C) dating scripts
D) dating attitudes

Question 25

Eighty-two percent of recorded human societies throughout history have permitted this type of marriage.

A) polygny
B) polyandry
C) monogamous marriages only
D) polyamory

Question 26

When asked to describe the typical ways that people of their own sexual love, men are more likely than women to mention acts such as ______.

A) displaying affection in public
B) buying gifts
C) performing sex acts
D) listening to their partner's problems

Question 27

In what type of relationship arrangement do all partners agree that is acceptable to pursue sexual and/or romantic relationships with more than one other partner?

A) polygny
B) polyandry
C) monogamoy
D) polyamory

Question 28

Which of the following describes the trajectory of the percentage of children in the US who live in a family with two married parents in their first marriage?

A) The percentage has decreased from around 75-50%.
B) The percentages stayed relatively flat since 1960.
C) The percentage has risen from around 50-75%.
D) The majority of children today live in households with at least one divorced parent.

Question 29

Women's status improved within marriages over time largely as a result of ______.

A) industrialization
B) World War II
C) feminist movements
D) the Renaissance

Question 30

Today in the U.S. married women on average have more ______ than their husbands.

A) money
B) time spent working outside the home
C) education
D) job opportunities

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT true of the share power and decision-making in relationships in Western cultures?

A) Equality in decision-making predicts higher relationship satisfaction.
B) Almost half of couples report at least some power and balance.
C) When power imbalances occur in heterosexual relationships, partners usually agree that the man has more control over decisions.
D) Objective equality is more influential than perceived fairness in decision-making power.

Question 32

On average, men tend to react with more jealousy to a partners ______, while women experience more jealousy in response to ______

A) sexual infidelity; emotional infidelity
B) emotional infidelity; sexual infidelity
C) cheating with friends; cheating with strangers
D) cheating with strangers; cheating with friends

Question 33

Andre and Tasha are both in their early 20s and on their first date. Which of the following behaviors would be inconsistent with typical dating scripts for young women and men?

A) Andre selects the restaurant for the date.
B) Andre picks Tasha up from her house.
C) Tasha initiates sexual contact.
D) Tasha lets Andre pay for their movie tickets.

Question 34

Evolutionary theorists argue that the triggers of jealousy in men trace back to the problem of ______.

A) securing a committed mate
B) parental investment
C) limited opportunities to pass on offspring
D) paternity uncertainty

Question 35

What adaptive behavior does jealousy in relationships motivate?

A) increasing trust between partners
B) fending off rivals
C) decreasing emotional conflict
D) publicly displaying earning potential

Question 36

Paternalistic chivalry reflects what kind of attitudes?

A) blatantly oppressive attitudes
B) explicitly sexist
C) hostilely sexist
D) benevolently sexist

Question 37

Throughout human history, marriage has rarely been about ______.

A) expanding family networks
B) romantic desires
C) sharing resources
D) increasing the family labor source

Question 38

For wives, but not husbands, those who report greater love for their partners show ______.

A) less criticizing
B) more time spent on joint activities
C) increased likelihood to initiate sex
D) more gift-giving

Question 39

As late as 18th century British colonial America, a woman became a feme covert when married, meaning what?

A) She gained considerable social status.
B) She was allowed to participate in certain social activities such as voting and religious ceremonies.
C) She transferred much of her identity to that of her husband, losing much of her legal standing in the process.
D) She underwent mild surgical procedures to emphasize a feminine appearance.

Question 40

Families in the United States have changed in each of the following ways since the 1960s EXCEPT ______.

A) the percentage of adults age 25 or older who have never been married has increased from 10% to 20%
B) Women are having fewer children and having them at older ages
C) Rates of cohabitation, divorce, and remarriage have all increased
D) Women are less likely to have children outside of marriage

Question 41

There are no sex differences in mate preference for traits such as emotional stability, intelligence, and sociability.

Question 42

Most college students report that the quality of their friendship improves following sex with friends.

Question 43

Gottman and Levenson (2000) found that each of the following was key in predicting divorce EXCEPT ______.

A) absolute increases in emotional expressiveness
B) demand-withdraw patterns
C) rapid escalation of negative emotions among husbands
D) a decrease in nonverbal expressions of positive emotions

Question 44

Men are more likely than women to blame declines in relationships upon ______.

A) declines in the quality of communication
B) sexual infidelity
C) lack of freedom
D) declines in joint activities

Question 45

Based on a three minute videotape of newlyweds discussing problematic issues, Gottman and Levenson (2000) were able to predict ______.

A) the frequency of sexual intimacy per month
B) how couples divided household labor
C) the number of children couples had over the next 10 years
D) divorce over a 14 year period with 93% accuracy

Question 46

Studies show that dating scripts for first dates among young men and women changed considerably in the 90s and 2000s.

Question 47

What best describes the trajectory of marital satisfaction as a function of having children?

A) Satisfaction only decreases when children leave the home.
B) Satisfaction increases gradually as children develop.
C) Satisfaction declines following the birth of children.
D) Satisfaction increases for the first few years of having children then dips during adolescence.

Question 48

In the short period following an infant's birth mothers are more likely than fathers to experience ______.

A) depression
B) an increase in life satisfaction
C) changes in personality
D) cognitive deficits

Question 49

Lesbians are more likely than gay men to list ex-lovers among their current closest friends.

Question 50

Claims like, "a mother's intuition is always right" reflect ______

A) explicit prejudice
B) hostile sexism
C) essentialist beliefs
D) accurate biological differences

Question 51

Each of the following reflects a common essentialist beliefs about mothers and fathers EXCEPT ______.

A) children don't need fathers to develop in a healthy manner
B) children need mothers more than fathers
C) parenting provides women with a deep sense of satisfaction
D) men lack a biological parenting instinct

Question 52

Intimate partnerships tend to be more important for the health of men than women.

Question 53

What best describes what the research says about sex differences in parenting skills?

A) They are sensitive to whichever parent is the primary caregiver of the infant.
B) They emerge for parenting young children but disappear as children develop.
C) They are associated with estrogen.
D) They exist for parenting girls but not boys.

Question 54

______, women suffer more from divorce, and ______, men suffer more.

A) Mentally; physically
B) Emotionally; cognitively
C) Socially; individually
D) Financially; psychologically

Question 55

The homosocial perspective claims that women's friendships allow for more intimacy than men's friendships.

Question 56

Gottman and Levenson (2000) were able to predict with 93% accuracy whether newlywed couples got divorced over a 14 year period based on a three minute videotaped discussion.

Question 57

People with smaller social networks die earlier than those with more social connections, from all causes of death, even after controlling for things like initial health status and exercise.

Question 58

Compared to non-parents, parents report higher levels of ______.

A) marital satisfaction
B) meaning in life
C) neuroticism
D) financial stability

Question 59

Sex difference in mate preference largely replicate across diverse cultures that otherwise differ greatly.

Question 60

Gendered divisions of labor disappear in couples that both have full-time jobs.

Question 61

Parenthood is typically associated with increases in relationship satisfaction.

Question 62

What are the positive and negative impacts of having children upon married couples?

Question 63

In adulthood how do the social networks of men and women differ from one another?

Question 64

Explain the adaptive function and corrosive effects of jealousy in relationships. What type of sex differences exist in experiences of jealousy? How do evolutionary psychologists explain these sex differences?

Question 65

Children of caregivers who consistently provide warm and sensitive responses to their infants tend to have the best outcomes in terms of social and emotional competence later in life.

Question 66

Across cultures, women report relationship problems and initiate divorce more often than men.

Question 67

Briefly explain how women and men are similar and different from one another when it comes to experiencing love and romance.

Question 68

What are dating scripts, how have they changed over recent decades, and what type of dating scripts dominate Western culture?

Question 69

Describe the evidence for sex differences in mate preference. Explain how both evolutionary psychology and sociocultural approaches account for these differences.

Question 70

In general, research on sex differences in parent support the axiom "a mother's intuition is always right."

Question 71

Research shows that children who have both a mother and a father tend to have the best physical and mental health outcomes throughout life.

Question 72

Explain the relationship between the male gender role and sex differences same-sex closeness during friendship.

Question 73

Describe how Gottman and Levenson (2000) studied the predictors of divorce. Explain both their findings relevant to emotional interaction patterns and demand-withdraw patterns.

Question 74

How do heterosexual couples in the United States typically divide labor? How does this compare to divisions of labor among lesbian and gay couples?

Question 75

Describe the apparent differences between same-sex friendships among women and same-sex friendships among men. Explain how the homosocial perspective explains these differences. According to this view, do the friendships of men and women differ in degrees of intimacy? Explain why or why not.