Question 1

What is the process of turning abstract concepts into concrete measurements?&#10;A)direct observation&#10;B)indirect observation&#10;C)construction&#10;D)operationalization

Accepted Answer

Operationalization is the process of defining a fuzzy concept so as to make the concept measurable and to understand it in terms of empirical observations.

Question 2

______ would normally be at the nominal level of measurement.&#10;A)Age&#10;B)Temperature&#10;C)Race&#10;D)Happiness

Accepted Answer

Race is typically classified into categories without a numerical ranking or order, which aligns with the characteristics of nominal level measurement.

Question 3

According to the text, which of the following elements of validity should researchers be concerned about when avoiding bias in their research?&#10;A)systematic measurement error&#10;B)random measurement error&#10;C)face validity&#10;D)criterion validity

Accepted Answer

Systematic measurement error is a type of bias that can affect the validity of research findings, as it refers to consistent, predictable errors in data collection or analysis that can skew results away from the true value.

Question 4

Researchers should be aware of the influence of random measurement error in their study designs because they can lead to biased studies.

Accepted Answer

Random measurement error tends to increase variability within the data rather than bias the results. Bias is more often introduced through systematic errors.

Question 5

The best time to express concerns about the reliability and validity of a study is after the data collection stage, according to the text.

Accepted Answer

Concerns about the reliability and validity of a study should ideally be addressed during the planning and design stages, before data collection begins, to ensure the study is methodologically sound.

Question 6

Which of the following elements of reliability describes a measure that produces similar results over periods of time?&#10;A)stability&#10;B)consistency&#10;C)interobserver reliability&#10;D)internal consistency

Accepted Answer

Stability refers to the ability of a measure to produce similar results over time when the phenomenon being measured hasn't changed, which is directly related to the question's description.

Question 7

A measure that has internal reliability should show ______.&#10;A)disagreement among observers&#10;B)agreement among observers&#10;C)differences among measures&#10;D)similarities among items within the measure

Accepted Answer

Internal reliability refers to the consistency of results across items within a measure. If a measure has high internal reliability, the items within the measure should produce similar results, indicating that they are all measuring the same underlying construct.

Question 8

The attributes of a variable need to be exhaustive and inclusive in order to have a good measurement procedure.

Accepted Answer

For a measurement procedure to be effective, the attributes of a variable must cover all possible options (exhaustive) and clearly belong to only one category (inclusive), ensuring accuracy and comprehensiveness in data collection.

Question 9

Measuring the temperature in Fahrenheit is a ______ level of measurement because the zero-point of 0&#176;F is arbitrary.&#10;A)ratio&#10;B)nominal&#10;C)interval&#10;D)ordinal

Accepted Answer

The interval level of measurement is characterized by equal intervals between measurements, but lacks a true zero point, making 0°F an arbitrary reference point rather than an absence of temperature. This is why measuring temperature in Fahrenheit is considered an interval level of measurement.

Question 10

Which of the following levels of measurement is only exhaustive and mutually exclusive?&#10;A)ratio&#10;B)nominal&#10;C)interval&#10;D)ordinal

Accepted Answer

Nominal level of measurement categorizes data into distinct categories within which observations are exhaustive and mutually exclusive, but do not allow for rank or order.

Question 11

What is the difference between ordinal and nominal levels of measurement?&#10;A)The ordinal measure has meaningful and constant differences between scale units.&#10;B)The ordinal measure ranks categories.&#10;C)The ordinal measure does not meet the requirement of being mutually exclusive.&#10;D)The ordinal measure does not rank categories.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the difference between ordinal and...

Question 12

Reliable methods are always valid.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Reliable methods are always valid....

Question 13

How a measure compares to other theoretical concepts is also known as ______ validity.&#10;A)criterion&#10;B)construct&#10;C)face&#10;D)content

Accepted Answer

The answer of How a measure compares to other theoretical...

Question 14

The number of people living in a single household is an example of a direct observable.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The number of people living in a...

Question 15

Happiness is an example of a(n) ______.&#10;A)direct observable&#10;B)indirect observable&#10;C)construct&#10;D)operationalization

Accepted Answer

The answer of Happiness is an example of a(n) ______.&#10;A)direct...

Deck 6: How Do We Measure Concepts