Deck 27: Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Question 1

What type of breathing will the nurse observe while assessing a patient experiencing both metabolic acidosis and Kussmaul respirations?

A) Audible wheezing or stridor
B) Increased rate, large tidal volumes, and no expiratory pause
C) Rapid respirations with periods of apnea
D) Very slow inhalations and rapid expirations

Answer 1

Increased rate, large tidal volumes, and no expiratory pause

Question 2

Which assessment findings will the nurse observe in a patient diagnosed with severe pulmonary edema?

A) Thick mucous secretions
B) Pink, frothy sputum
C) Hypocapnia
D) Wheezing

Answer 2

Pink, frothy sputum

Question 3

A nurse is reviewing the results of an arterial blood gas (ABG)and finds reduced oxygenation of arterial blood.What term should the nurse use to describe this condition?

A) Ischemia
B) Hypoxia
C) Hypoxemia
D) Hypocapnia

Answer 3

Hypoxemia

Question 4

A 10-year-old develops pneumonia.Physical exam reveals subcostal and intercostal retractions.The child reports that breathing is difficult with feelings that, "I cannot get enough air." What term should the nurse use to document this condition?

A) Cyanosis
B) Dyspnea
C) Hyperpnea
D) Orthopnea

Question 5

A 26-year-old recently underwent surgery and is now experiencing dyspnea, cough, fever, and leukocytosis.Tests reveal a collapsed lung caused by the removal of air from obstructed alveoli.Which term is used to document this condition?

A) Compression atelectasis
B) Bronchiectasis
C) Absorption atelectasis
D) Hypoventilation

Question 6

A 57-year-old presents with cough, sputum production, dyspnea, and decreased lung volume and is diagnosed with pneumoconiosis.When taking the patient's history, which finding is the most probable cause of the illness?

A) Inhalation of silica
B) Autoimmune disease
C) Allergic reactions
D) Flail chest

Question 7

A low ventilation-perfusion ratio of the lung will result in:

A) increased dead space.
B) shunting.
C) alveolar collapse.
D) bronchoconstriction.

Question 8

A 65-year-old diagnosed with emphysema presents to the ER for difficulty breathing.Physical exam reveals both bluish skin and mucous membranes.What term will the nurse use to document these observations?

A) Cyanosis
B) Hemoptysis
C) Hematemesis
D) Ischemia

Question 9

A 20-year-old presents reporting difficulty breathing when lying down.What term should the nurse use to document this condition?

A) Dyspnea
B) Orthopnea
C) Apnea
D) Tachypnea

Question 10

An 80-year-old develops pneumonia in the hospital.An assessment identifies that the patient is cyanotic and tachycardic and has developed a fever and a cough.Chest x-ray reveals pus in the pleural space.This symptomology supports which medical diagnosis?

A) Empyema
B) Emphysema
C) Pleurisy
D) Chyle

Question 11

A patient's arterial blood gas reveals decreased carbon dioxide (CO₂)levels.What is the most likely cause of this situation?

A) Hyperventilation
B) Hypoventilation
C) Apnea
D) Cyanosis

Question 12

Which organism does the nurse suspect is the most likely cause of empyema?

A) Virus
B) Staphylococcus aureus
C) Fungus
D) Moraxella catarrhalis

Question 13

The most common cause of pulmonary edema is:

A) right heart failure.
B) left heart failure.
C) asthma.
D) lung cancer.

Question 14

As a result of a severe head injury, a patient is now experiencing respiratory abnormalities characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing with periods of apnea.What term should the nurse use when charting this condition?

A) Cheyne-Stokes
B) Frank-Starling
C) Apnea
D) Orthopnea

Question 15

A 60-year-old with a history of cirrhosis presents with dyspnea, impaired ventilation, and pleural pain.A diagnosis of pleural effusion is made, and a watery fluid is drained.When giving report, the nurse will refer to this fluid as:

A) exudative.
B) purulent.
C) infected.
D) transudative.

Question 16

Which of the following lab values would the nurse expect in a patient who has sustained trauma to the lungs and chest wall and is experiencing respiratory failure?

A) Electrolyte imbalances
B) Elevated PaCO₂
C) Low hematocrit
D) Elevated pH

Question 17

A 15-year-old is diagnosed with restrictive lung disease caused by fibrosis.Which pulmonary function test finding is expected?

A) Increased compliance
B) Increased tidal volume
C) Decreased respiratory rate
D) Decreased functional residual capacity

Question 18

A 50-year-old presents with hypotension, hypoxemia, and tracheal deviation to the left.Tests reveal that the air pressure in the pleural cavity exceeds barometric pressure in the atmosphere.Based upon these assessment findings, what does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing?

A) Pleural effusion
B) Tension pneumothorax
C) Open pneumothorax
D) Transudative pneumothorax

Question 19

When giving report, what term should the nurse use to describe the coughing up of bloody secretions?

A) Hematemesis
B) Cyanosis
C) Rhinitis
D) Hemoptysis

Question 20

What phrase describes the condition in which a series of alveoli in the left lower lobe receive adequate ventilation but lack adequate perfusion?

A) A right-to-left shunt
B) Alveolar dead space
C) A low ventilation-perfusion ratio
D) Pulmonary hypotension

Question 21

A 50-year-old male is diagnosed with pulmonary embolism (PE).Which of the following symptoms most likely occurred before treatment is initiated?

A) Dry cough and inspiratory crackles
B) Shallow respirations and wheezing
C) Chest pain and shortness of breath
D) Kussmaul respirations and back pain

Question 22

A 30-year-old is diagnosed with emphysema.Changes in this patient's lungs are caused by:

A) viral infections.
B) destruction of alveolar macrophages.
C) α₁-antitrypsin deficiency.
D) fibrotic lung disease.

Question 23

Individuals with a recent diagnosis of emphysema should be assessed for which most common presenting factor?

A) A productive cough
B) Cyanosis
C) Dyspnea
D) Cor pulmonale

Question 24

Which of the following patients is at highest risk for developing pulmonary embolism (PE)?

A) 21-year-old male with a hemophilia bleeding disorder
B) 28-year-old woman who had a baby 6 months earlier
C) 36-year-old woman with a history of alcohol abuse who is recovering from a gastric ulcer
D) 72-year-old male who is recovering from hip replacement surgery in the hospital

Question 25

The organism that causes tuberculosis is a:

A) bacterium.
B) fungus.
C) virus.
D) parasite.

Question 26

A 60-year-old undergoes surgery for a bone fracture.Which nursing measure would be most effective for preventing pulmonary embolism (PE)in this patient?

A) Ensure that patient uses supplemental oxygen.
B) Prevent deep vein thrombosis formation.
C) Check hematocrit and hemoglobin levels frequently during the postoperative period.
D) Promote aggressive fluid intake.

Question 27

What is the most likely cause of chronic bronchitis in a 25-year-old?

A) Chronic asthma
B) Air pollution
C) Cigarette smoke
D) Recurrent pneumonias

Question 28

A 42-year-old presents with dyspnea; rapid, shallow breathing; inspiratory crackles; decreased lung compliance; and hypoxemia.Tests reveal a fulminant form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury.What is the most likely diagnosis supported by the patient's condition?

A) Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
B) Sarcoidosis
C) Postoperative respiratory failure
D) Malignant respiratory failure

Question 29

Airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma is related to:

A) increased sympathetic nervous system response.
B) the release of stress hormones.
C) exposure to an allergen causing mast cell degranulation.
D) hereditary decrease in IgE responsiveness.

Question 30

Aspiration of oral secretions increases a patient's risk for which complication?

A) Pneumonia
B) Bronchiectasis
C) Pneumothorax
D) Emphysema

Question 31

A 20-year history of smoking causes airways to be obstructed as a result of:

A) excessive mucus production.
B) loss of elastic recoil.
C) infection and inflammation.
D) airway edema.

Question 32

A 10-year-old is brought to the ER with prolonged bronchospasm and severe hypoxemia.The symptomology supports which diagnosis?

A) Exercise-induced asthma
B) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
C) Status asthmaticus
D) Bronchiectasis

Question 33

Pneumonia is caused by:

A) use of anesthetic agents in surgery.
B) atelectasis.
C) chronic lung changes seen with aging.
D) viral or bacterial infections.

Question 34

A 22-year-old presents with chronic bronchitis.Tests reveal closure of the airway during expiration.This condition is most likely caused by:

A) thick mucus from hypertrophied glands.
B) ventilation-perfusion mismatch.
C) hyperventilation.
D) thinning smooth muscle in the bronchioles.

Question 35

Asthma is thought to be caused by:

A) an autosomal recessive trait.
B) autoimmunity.
C) excessive use of antibiotics as a young child.
D) interactions between genetic and environmental factors.

Question 36

A 70-year-old hospitalized for a pelvic fracture develops a pulmonary embolism.The nurse realizes this embolus is most commonly composed of:

A) fat.
B) air.
C) tissue fragment.
D) blood clot.

Question 37

The patient diagnosed with tuberculosis can transmit this disease through:

A) skin contact.
B) fecal-oral contact.
C) airborne droplets.
D) blood transfusions.

Question 38

The patient generally acquires nosocomial pneumonia:

A) at daycare centers.
B) on airplanes.
C) during hospitalization.
D) in the winter season.

Question 39

Airway obstruction contributing to increased airflow resistance and hypoventilation in asthma is caused by:

A) type II alveolar cell injury and decreased surfactant.
B) alveolar fibrosis and pulmonary edema.
C) mucous secretion, bronchoconstriction, and airway edema.
D) collapse of the cartilaginous rings in the bronchi.

Question 40

A 60-year-old with a 25-year history of smoking is diagnosed with emphysema.Assessment shows an increased anterior-posterior chest diameter.The nurse attributes this finding to:

A) air trapping.
B) decreased inspiratory reserve volumes.
C) increased flow rates.
D) alveolar destruction.

Question 41

Which is a characteristic of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH)? (select all that apply)

A) Male gender
B) Fatigue
C) Dyspnea
D) Jugular vein distention
E) Weight gain

Question 42

Which assessment finding would be expected in pulmonary embolism (PE)? (select all that apply)

A) Chest pain
B) Tachycardia
C) Tachypnea
D) Fever
E) Hemoptysis
F) None of a bove

Question 43

A 50-year-old is diagnosed with lung cancer.The health history includes a 30-year history of smoking, exposure to air pollution, asbestos, and radiation.What had the greatest impact on the development of his cancer?

A) Radiation
B) Cigarette smoke
C) Asbestos
D) Air pollution